002 - Sūrat al-Baqarah

In the name of Allah (who is) Rahmān (and) Rahīm.

[For explanation, see Sūrat al-Fātiha:1]

1

Alif lām mīm: Allahu ta’ālā knows best what He means by these [letters].

2

That, meaning, this, Book, which Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" recites, in it there is no doubt, no uncertainty, that it is from Allahu ta’ālā (the negation [lā rayba fīhi] is the predicate of dhālika; the use of the demonstrative here is intended to glorify [the Book]). A guidance (hudā is a second predicate, meaning that it [the Book] 'guides'), for the Allahu ta’ālā-fearing, namely, those that tend towards piety by adhering to commands and avoiding things prohibited, thereby guarding themselves from the Fire;

3

 who believe in, that is, who accept the truth of, the Unseen, what is hidden from them of the Resurrection, Paradise and the Fire; and maintain the prayer, that is to say, who perform it giving it its proper due; and of what We have provided them, that is, of what we have bestowed upon them, expend, in obedience to Allahu ta’ālā;

4

and who believe in what has been revealed to you, namely, the Qur'ān; and what was revealed before you, that is, the Torah, the Gospel and other [scriptures]; and of the Hereafter, they are certain, that is, they know [it is real].

5

Those, as described in the way mentioned, are upon guidance from their Rabb, those are the ones that will prosper, that is, who will succeed in entering Paradise and be saved from the Fire.

6

As for the disbelievers, the likes of Abū Jahl, Abū Lahab and such; alike it is for them whether you have warned them or have not warned them, they do not believe, as Allahu ta’ālā knows very well, so do not hope that they will believe (read a-andhartahum pronouncing both hamzas, or by not pronouncing the second, making it an alif instead, and inserting an alif between the one not pronounced and the other one, or leaving [this insertion]; al-indhār ['warning'] is to give knowledge of something, and simultaneously instil an element of fear).

7

Allahu ta’ālā has set a seal on their hearts, impressing on them and making certain that no good enters them; and on their hearing, [in which He has] deposited something so that they cannot profit from the truth they hear; and on their eyes is a covering, that is, a veil so that they do not see the truth; and for them there will be a mighty chastisement, that is, intense and everlasting.

8

The following was revealed concerning the hypocrites: and some people there are who say, 'We believe in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yavm al-ākher (the Last Day), that is, in the Day of Resurrection because it is the very last day; but they are not believers (the [plural] import of man [in man yaqūl, 'who says'] is taken into account here, as expressed by a pronoun [hum] that expresses this [plural] meaning).

9

They would deceive Allahu ta’ālā and the believers, by manifesting the opposite of the unbelief they hide, so that they can avoid His rulings in this world; and only themselves they deceive (yukhādi'ūn), for the evil consequences of their deception will rebound upon them, as they are disgraced in this world when Allahu ta’ālā makes known to His Prophet what they are hiding, and they will be punished in the Hereafter; and they are not aware, and they do not know that they are actually deceiving themselves (mukhāda'a [although a third verbal form, from khāda'a] actually denotes a one-way action, such as [when one says] 'āqabtu al-lissa, 'I punished the thief' [using the third verbal form 'āqaba]; the mention of 'Allahu ta’ālā' in [this statement] is for [rhetorical] effect; a variant reading [for wa-mā yukhādi'ūna] has wa-mā yakhda'ūna).

10

In their hearts is a sickness: doubt and hypocrisy, which ails their hearts, debilitating them; and Allahu ta’ālā has increased their sickness with what He has revealed in the Qur'ān, since they disbelieve it; and there awaits them a painful chastisement because they used to lie (read yukadhdhibūn to imply [that they used to call] the Prophet of Allahu ta’ālā [a liar], or yakdhibūn to imply their [mendacity when] saying 'we believe').

11

When it is said to them, that is, these latter, 'Do not corruption in the land', through unbelief and hindering [people from] faith, They say, 'We are only putting things right', that is, 'we are not engaging in corruption'. Allahu ta’ālā, exalted be He, refutes them, saying:

12

Truly (a-lā, 'truly', is for alerting), intended emphatically, they are the agents of corruption, but they perceive, this, not.

13

When it is said to them, 'Believe as the people believe', that is, as the companions of the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , They say, 'Shall we believe as fools believe?', that is, as the ignorant do? No we do not follow their way. The exalted One refutes them, saying: Truly, they are the foolish ones, but they know, this, not.

14

When they meet (laqū is actually laquyū, but the damma has been omitted, being too cumbersome for pronunciation; likewise the yā' [is omitted], because it is unvocalised and is followed by a wāw); those who believe, they say, 'We believe'; but when they go apart, away from them and return, to their devils, their leaders, they say, 'We are with you, in religion; we were only mocking, them [the believers] by feigning belief.

15

Allahu ta’ālā [Himself] mocks them, requiting them for their mockery, leaving them, that is, giving them respite, in their insolence, that is, in their transgressing the limits of unbelief; bewildered, wavering, in perplexity (ya'mahūn is a circumstantial qualifier).

16

Those are they who have bought error for guidance, that is, they have exchanged the latter for the former; so their commerce has not profited them, that is to say, they have gained nothing from it, indeed, they have lost, because their destination is the Fire, made everlasting for them; nor are they guided, in what they did.

17

Their likeness, the way they are in their hypocrisy, is as the likeness of one who kindled, that is, [one who] lit a fire in darkness, and when it illumined all about him, so that he is able to see, and to feel warm and secure from those he feared, Allahu ta’ālā took away their light, extinguishing it (the plural pronoun [in nūrihim] takes into account the [plural] import of alladhī); and left them in darkness, unable to see, what is around them, confused as to the way, in fear; likewise are those who have found [temporary] security by professing faith, but who will meet with terror and punishment upon death; these [last] are:

18

deaf, to the truth, so that they cannot hear it and accept it; dumb, mute as regards goodness, unable to speak of it; and, blind, to the path of guidance, so that they cannot perceive it; they shall not return, from error.

19

Or, the likeness of them is as a cloudburst, that is, [the likeness of them is] as people are during rain (ka-sayyib: the term is originally sayyūb, from [the verb] sāba, yasūbu, meaning 'it came down'); out of the heaven, out of the clouds, in which clouds is darkness, layer upon layer, and thunder, the angel in charge of them [sc. the clouds]; it is also said that this [thunder] is actually the sound of his voice; and lightning, the flash caused by his voice which he uses to drive them - they, the people under the rain, put their fingers, that is, their fingertips, in their ears against, because of, the thunderclaps, the violent sound of thunder, in order not to hear it, cautious of, fearful of, death, if they were to hear it. Similar is the case with these: when the Qur'ān is revealed, in which there is mention of the unbelief that is like darkness, the threat of punishment that is like the sound of thunder, and the clear arguments that are like the clear lightning, they shut their ears in order not to hear it and thereby incline towards [true] faith and abandon their religion, which for them would be death; and Allahu ta’ālā encompasses the disbelievers in both knowledge and power, so they cannot escape Him.

20

The lightning well-nigh, almost, snatches away their sight, that is, takes it away swiftly; whensoever it gives them light, they walk in it, in its light; and when the darkness is over them, they stop, that is, they stand still: a simile of the perturbation that the Qur'ānic arguments cause in their hearts, and of their acknowledging the truths of what they love to hear and recoiling from what they detest; had Allahu ta’ālā willed, He would have taken away their hearing and their sight, that is, the exterior faculty, in the same way that He took away their inner one; Truly, Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things, [that] He wills, as for example, His taking away of the above-mentioned.

21

O people, of Mecca, worship, profess the oneness of, your Rabb Who created you, made you when you were nothing, and created those that were before you; so that you may be fearful, of His punishment by worshipping Him (la'alla, 'so that', is essentially an optative, but when spoken by Allahu ta’ālā it denotes an affirmative),

22

 He Who assigned to you, created [for you], the earth for a couch, like a carpet that is laid out, neither extremely hard, nor extremely soft so as to make it impossible to stand firm upon it; and heaven for an edifice, like a roof; and sent down from the heaven water, wherewith He brought forth, all types of, fruits for your provision; so set not up compeers to Allahu ta’ālā, that is partners in worship, while you know that He is the Creator, that you create not and that only One that creates can be god.

23

And if you are in doubt, in uncertainty, concerning what We have revealed to Our servant, Muhammad "sallallāhu alayhi wa sallam", of the Qur'ān, that it is from Allahu ta’ālā, then bring a sūra like it, that is also revealed (min mithlihi: min is explicative, that is, a sūra like it in its eloquence, fine arrangement and its bestowal of knowledge of the Unseen; a sūra is a passage with a beginning and end made up of a minimum of three verses); and call your witnesses, those other gods that you worship, besides Allahu ta’ālā, that is, other than Him, so that it can be seen, if you are truthful, in [your claim] that Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" speaks it from himself. So do this, for you are also fluent speakers of Arabic like him. When they could not do this, Allahu ta’ālā said:

24

And if you do not do what was mentioned because you are incapable - and you will not (a parenthetical statement), that is, never [will you be able to], because of its inimitability - then fear, through belief in Allahu ta’ālā and [belief] that this is not the words of a human, the Fire, whose fuel is men, disbelievers, and stones, like their very idols, indicating that its heat is extreme, since it burns with the [stones] mentioned, unlike the fires of this world that burn with wood and similar materials; prepared, and made ready, for disbelievers, so that they are punished in it (this [phrase, u'iddat li'l-kāfirīna, 'prepared for disbelievers'] is either a new sentence or a sustained circumstantial qualifier).

25

And give good tidings to, inform, those who believe, who have faith in Allahu ta’ālā, and perform righteous deeds, such as the obligatory and supererogatory [rituals], that theirs shall be Gardens, of trees, and habitations, underneath which, that is, underneath these trees and palaces, rivers run (tajrī min tahtihā'l-anhāru), that is, there are waters in it (al-nahr is the place in which water flows [and is so called] because the water carves [yanhar] its way through it; the reference to it as 'running' is figurative); whensoever they are provided with fruits therefrom, that is, whenever they are given to eat from these gardens, they shall say, 'This is what, that is, the like of what we were provided with before', that is, before this, in Paradise, since its fruits are similar (and this is evidenced by [the following statement]): they shall be given it, the provision, in perfect semblance, that is, resembling one another in colour, but different in taste; and there for them shall be spouses, of houris and others, purified, from menstruation and impurities; therein they shall abide: dwelling therein forever, neither perishing nor departing therefrom. And when the Jews said, 'Why does Allahu ta’ālā strike a similitude about flies, where He says, And if a fly should rob them of anything [Q. 22:73] and about a spider, where He says, As the likeness of the spider [Q. 29:41]: what does Allahu ta’ālā want with these vile creatures? Allahu ta’ālā then revealed the following:

26

Allahu ta’ālā is not ashamed to strike, to make, a similitude (mathal: is the first direct object; mā either represents an indefinite noun described by what comes after it and constitutes a second direct object, meaning 'whatever that similitude may be'; or it [the mā] is extra to emphasise the vileness [involved], so that what follows constitutes the second direct object); even of a gnat, (ba'ūda is the singular of ba'ūd), that is, small flies; or anything above it, that is, larger than it, so that this explanation is not affected [by the size of the creature] with regard to the judgement [Allahu ta’ālā is making]; as for the believers, they know it, the similitude, is the truth, established and given in this instance, from their Rabb; but as for disbelievers, they say, 'What did Allahu ta’ālā desire by this for a similitude?' (mathalan is a specification, meaning, 'by this similitude'; mā is an interrogative of rejection and is the subject; dhā means alladhī, whose relative clause contains its predicate, in other words, 'what use is there in it?'). Allahu ta’ālā then responds to them saying: Thereby, that is, by this similitude, He leads many astray, from the truth on account of their disbelieving in it, and thereby He guides many, believers on account of their belief in it; and thereby He leads none astray except the wicked, those that reject obedience to Him.

27

Those such as, He has described, break the covenant of Allahu ta’ālā, the contract He made with them in the [revealed] Books to belief in Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , after its solemn binding, after it has been confirmed with them, and such as cut what Allahu ta’ālā has commanded should be joined, of belief in the Prophet, of kinship and other matters (an [in the phrase an yūsala, 'that it be joined'] substitutes for the pronoun [suffixed] in bihi [of the preceding words mā amara llāhu bihi, 'that which Allahu ta’ālā has commanded']); and such as do corruption in the land, by way of their transgressing and impeding faith - they, the ones thus described, shall be the losers, since, they shall end up in the Fire, made everlasting for them.

28

How do you, people of Mecca, disbelieve in Allahu ta’ālā, when you were dead, semen inside loins, and He gave you life, in the womb and in this world by breathing Spirit into you (the interrogative here is either intended to provoke amazement at their [persistent] unbelief despite the evidence established, or intended as a rebuke); then He shall make you dead, after your terms of life are completed, then He shall give you life at the Resurrection, then to Him you shall be returned!, after resurrection, whereupon He shall requite you according to your deeds; and He states, as proof of the Resurrection, when they denied it:

29

He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth, that is, the earth and all that is in it, so that you may benefit from and learn lessons from it; then, after creating the earth, He turned to, that is, He made His object, heaven and levelled them (fa-sawwāhunna: the pronoun [-hunna] refers to 'heaven', since, it [heaven] is implicit in the import of the sentence attributed to it [the pronoun]), that is to say, He made them thus, as [He says] in another verse, [fa-qadāhunna] so He determined them [Q. 41:12]) seven heavens and He has knowledge of all things, in their totality and in their individual detail, so do you not then think that the One who has the power to create this to begin with, which is much greater than what you are, also has the power to bring you back [after death]?

30

And, mention, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , when your Rabb said to the angels, 'I am appointing on earth a vicegerent.', who shall act as My deputy, by implementing My rulings therein - and this [vicegerent] was Adam; They said, 'What, will You appoint therein one who will do corruption therein, through disobedience, and shed blood, spilling it through killing, just as the progeny of the jinn did, for they used to inhabit it, but when they became corrupted Allahu ta’ālā sent down the angels against them and they were driven away to islands and into the mountains; while we glorify, continuously, You with praise, that is, " We say Glory and Praise be to You " , and sanctify You?', that is, 'We exalt You as transcendent above what does not befit You?; the lām [of laka, 'You'] is extra, and the sentence [wa-nuqaddisu laka, 'We sanctify You'] is a circumstantial qualifier, the import being, 'thus, we are more entitled to be Your vicegerents'); He, exalted be He, said, 'Assuredly, I know what you know not', of the benefits of making Adam a vicegerent and of the fact that among his progeny will be the obedient and the transgressor, and justice will prevail between them. They said, 'Allahu ta’ālā will never create anything more noble in His eyes than us nor more knowledgeable, since we have been created before it and have seen what it has not seen. Allahu ta’ālā then created Adam from the surface of the earth (adīm al-ard [adīm literally means 'skin']), taking a handful of all its colours and mixing it with different waters, then made him upright and breathed into him the Spirit and he thus became a living being with senses, after having been inanimate.

31

And He taught Adam the names, that is, the names of things named, all of them, by placing knowledge of them into his heart; then He presented them, these names, the majority of which concerned intellectual beings, to the angels and said, to them in reproach, 'Now tell Me, inform Me, the names of these, things named, if you speak truly', in your claim that I would not create anything more knowledgeable than you, or that you are more deserving of this vicegerency; the response to the conditional sentence is intimated by what precedes it.

32

They said, 'Glory be to You!, exalting You above that any should object to You, We know not except what You have taught us. Surely You are (innaka anta emphasises the [preceding suffixed pronoun] kāf) the Knower, Wise', from whose knowledge and wisdom nothing escapes.

33

He, exalted be He, said, 'Adam, tell them, the angels, their names', all of the things named; so, he named each thing by its appellation and mentioned the wisdom behind its creation; And when he had told them their names He, exalted, said, in rebuke, 'Did I not tell you that I know the Unseen in the heavens and the earth?, what is unseen in them, And I know what you reveal, what you manifested when you said, 'What, will You appoint therein …', and what you were hiding, what you were keeping secret when you were saying that Allahu ta’ālā would not create anything more knowledgeable or more noble in His eyes than us.

34

And, mention, when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves to Adam', a prostration that is a bow of salutation; so they prostrated themselves, except Iblīs, the father of the jinn, who was among the angels, he refused, to prostrate, and disdained, became proud and said, I am better than he [Q. 7:12]; and so he became one of the disbelievers, according to Allah’s knowledge.

35

And We said, 'Adam, dwell (anta, 'you' [of 'dwell you'] here reiterates the concealed pronoun [of the person of the verb uskun], so that it [wa-zawjuk] may be made a supplement to it); and your wife, Eve (Hawwā') - who was created from his left rib - in the Garden, and eat thereof, of its food, easefully, of anything without restrictions, where you desire; but do not come near this tree, to eat from it, and this was wheat or a vine or something else, lest you be, become, evildoers', that is, transgressors.

36

Then Satan, Iblīs, caused them to slip, he caused them to be removed (fa-azAllahumā: a variant reading has fa-azālahumā: he caused them to be away from it) therefrom, that is, from the Garden, when he said to them, 'Shall I point you to the tree of eternity' [cf. Q. 20:120], and swore to them by Allahu ta’ālā that he was only giving good advice to them, and so they ate of it; and brought them out of what they were in, of bliss; and We said, 'Go down, to earth, both of you and all those comprised by your seed; some of you, of your progeny, an enemy to the other, through your wronging one another; and in the earth a dwelling, a place of settlement, shall be yours, and enjoyment, of whatever of its vegetation you may enjoy, for a while', [until] the time your terms [of life] are concluded.

37

Thereafter Adam received certain words from his Rabb, which He inspired him with (a variant reading [of ādamu] has accusative ādama and nominative kalimātu, meaning they [the words] came to him, and these were [those of] the verse Rabb, we have wronged ourselves [Q. 7:23], with which he supplicated, and He relented to him, that is, He accepted his repentance; truly He is the Relenting, to His servants, the Merciful, to them.

38

We said, 'Go down from it, from the Garden, all together (He has repeated this [phrase qulnā ihbitū] in order to supplement it with), yet (fa-immā: the nūn of the conditional particle in ['if'] has been assimilated with the extra mā) there shall come to you from Me guidance, a Book and a prophet, and whoever follows My guidance, believing in me and performing deeds in obedience of Me, no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve, in the Hereafter, since they will be admitted into Paradise.

39

As for the disbelievers who deny Our verses, Our Books, those shall be the inhabitants of the Fire, abiding therein', enduring perpetually, neither perishing nor exiting therefrom.

40

O Children of Israel, sons of Jacob, remember My favour wherewith I favoured you, that is, your forefathers, saving them from Pharaoh, parting the sea, sending clouds as shelter and other instances, for which you should show gratitude by being obedient to Me; and fulfill My covenant, that which I took from you, that you believe in Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , and I shall fulfill your covenant, that which I gave to you, that you shall be rewarded for this with Paradise; and have awe of Me, fear Me and not anyone else when you have abandoned belief in him [the Prophet].

41

And believe in what I have revealed, of the Qur'ān, confirming that which is with you, of the Torah, by its agreement with it, in respect to [affirmation of] Allah’s Oneness and prophethood; and be not the first to disbelieve in it, from among the People of the Scripture, for those who will come after you will depend on you and so you will bear their sins. And do not sell, exchange, My signs, those that relate to the description of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" in your Book; for a small price, for a trivial and temporary affair of this world; that is to say, do not suppress this for fear of losing what you hope to earn from lowly individuals among you; and fear Me, and none other in this matter.

42

And do not obscure, confuse, the truth, that I have revealed to you, with falsehood, that you fabricate; and do not conceal the truth, the description of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , wittingly, that is, knowing it to be the truth.

43

And establish prayer, and pay the alms, and bow with those that bow, that is, pray with those who pray, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" and his companions: this was revealed concerning their religious scholars, who used to say to their kin from among the Muslims, 'Stay firm upon the religion of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , for it is the truth'.

44

Will you bid others to piety, to belief in Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , and forget yourselves, neglecting yourselves and not bidding them to the same, while you recite the Book?, in which there is the threat of chastisement, if what you do contradicts what you say. Do you not understand? the evil nature of your actions, that you might then repent? (the sentence about 'forgetting' constitutes the [syntactical] locus of the interrogative of disavowal).

45

Seek help, ask for assistance in your affairs, in patience, by restraining the soul in the face of that which it dislikes; and prayer. The singling out of this for mention is a way of emphasising its great importance; in one hadīth, [it is stated], 'When something bothered the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , he would immediately resort to prayer'; it is said that the address here is to the Jews: when greed and desire for leadership became impediments to their faith, they were enjoined to forbearance, which constituted fasting and prayer, since, the former stems lust and the latter yields humility and negates pride. For it, prayer, is grievous, burdensome, except to the humble, those that are at peace in obedience,

46

who reckon, who are certain, that they shall meet their Rabb, at the Resurrection, and that to Him they are returning, in the Hereafter, where He will reward them.

47

O Children of Israel, remember My favour wherewith I favoured you, by giving thanks through obedience to Me, and that I have preferred you, your forefathers, above all the worlds, of their time;

48

and fear, be scared of, the day when no soul for another shall give satisfaction, which is the Day of Resurrection, and no intercession shall be accepted (read either tuqbal or yuqbal) from it, that is, it is not the case that it has power to intercede, for it then to be accepted from it [or rejected, as Allahu ta’ālā says], So now we have no intercessors [Q. 26:100]; nor any compensation, ransom, be taken, neither shall they be helped to avoid Allah’s chastisement.

49

And, remember, when We delivered you, your forefathers: the address here and henceforth directed to those living at the time of the our Prophet, is about how Allahu ta’ālā blessed their forefathers, and is intended to remind them of Allah’s grace so that they might believe; from the folk of Pharaoh who were visiting you with, that is, making you taste, evil chastisement, of the worst kind (the sentence here is a circumstantial qualifier referring to the person of the pronoun [suffixed] in najjaynākum, 'We delivered you'); slaughtering your, newly-born, sons: this is explaining what has just been said; and sparing, retaining, your women, [doing so] because of the saying of some of their priests that a child born among the Israelites shall bring about the end of your rule [Pharaoh]; and for you therein, chastisement or deliverance, was a tremendous trial, a test or a grace, from your Rabb.

50

And, remember, when We divided, split in two, for you, on account of you, the sea, such that you were able to cross it and escape from your enemy; and We delivered you, from drowning, and drowned Pharaoh's folk, his people with him, while you were beholding the sea crashing down on top of them.

51

And when We appointed for (wā'adnā or wa'adnā) Moses forty nights, at the end of which We shall give him the Torah for you to implement, then you took to yourselves the Calf, the one which the Samaritan fashioned for you as a god, after him, that is, after he departed for Our appointment, and you were evildoers, for taking it [in worship], because you directed your worship to the wrong place.

52

Then We pardoned you, erasing your sins, after that, act of worship, so that you might be thankful, for Our favour upon you.

53

And when We gave to Moses the Scripture, the Torah, and the Criterion (wa'l-furqān is an explicative supplement [of Torah]), that is, the one that discriminates (al-fāriqu) between truth and falsehood and between what is licit and illicit, so that you might be guided, by it away from error.

54

And when Moses said to his people, those who worshipped the calf, 'My people, you have done wrong against yourselves by your taking the [golden] calf, for a god; now turn to your Creator, away from that worship [of the calf] and slay one another, that is, let the innocent of you slay the guilty; That, slaughter, will be better for you in your Creator's sight, who made it easier for you to accomplish this and sent down a dark cloud over you, so that none of you was able to see the other and show him mercy, such that almost seventy thousand of you were killed; and He will turn to you [relenting], before your [turning in] repentance; truly He the Relenting, the Merciful.

55

And when you said, having gone out with Moses to apologise before Allahu ta’ālā for your worship of the calf, and having heard what he had said [to you]; 'O Moses, we will not believe you till we see Allahu ta’ālā openly, with our own eyes; and the thunderbolt, the shout, took you, and you died, while you were beholding what was happening to you.

56

Then We raised you up, brought you back to life, after you were dead, so that you might be thankful, for this favour of Ours.

57

And We made the cloud overshadow you, that is, We sheltered you with fine clouds from the heat of the sun while you were in the wilderness; and We sent down, in them [the clouds], upon you manna and quails - which are [respectively, a type of citrus known as] turunjabīn and the quail - and We said: 'Eat of the good things We have provided for you', and do not store any of it away, but they were not grateful for this favour and stored the food, and so they were deprived of it; And they did not wrong Us, in this, but themselves they wronged, since the evil consequences [of this] befell them.

58

And when We said, to them, after they came out of the wilderness, 'Enter this city, either the Holy House [of Jerusalem] (Bayt al-Maqdis) or Jericho (Arīhā), and eat freely therein wherever you will, plentifully and without any restrictions, and enter it at the gate, its gate, prostrating, bowing, and say, 'our request is for [an] exoneration', that is, 'That we be exonerated from our transgressions', and We shall forgive (naghfir: a variant reading has one of the two passive forms yughfar or tughfar, '[they] will be forgiven') you your transgressions and We shall give more to those who are virtuous' - through obedience - in terms of reward.

59

Then the evildoers, among them, substituted a saying other than that which had been said to them, and said instead, 'A grain inside a hair' and entered [the town] dragging themselves on their rears; so We sent down upon the evildoers (the replacement of the second person [of the previous verse] with the overt identification in the third person alladhīna zalamū, 'the evildoers', is intended to emphasise the depravity of their action) wrath, a punishment of plague, from the heaven for their wickedness, for deviating from obedience, and within a very short period of time just under seventy thousand of them were dead.

60

And, mention, when Moses sought water for his people, for they suffered thirst in the wilderness, We said, 'Strike with your staff the rock (the one that ran off with his robe, a light cube-like [rock] about the size of a man's head, made of marble) and he struck it, and there exploded, there burst and gushed forth, from it twelve fountains, equal to the number of tribes, each people, [each] tribe among them, came to know their drinking-place, which they did not share with any of the others. And We said to them, 'Eat and drink of that which Allahu ta’ālā has provided, and do not be degenerate in the earth, seeking corruption' (mufsidīn is a circumstantial qualifier emphasising its operator, the subject of the verb [lā ta'thaw, 'do not be degenerate'] derived from 'athiya, meaning afsada, 'to corrupt').

61

And when you said, 'Moses, we will not endure one sort of food, that is to say, manna and quails; pray to your Rabb for us, that He may bring forth for us, something, of (min here is explicative) what the earth produces- green herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, onions.' He, Moses, said, to them, 'Would you exchange what is better, more noble, that is, do you substitute this, with what is lowlier?' (the hamza of a-tastabdilūna is for rebuke); they thus refused to change their mind and he [Moses] supplicated to Allahu ta’ālā, and He, exalted be He, said, 'Go down to a city, whichever city it may be; you shall have, there, what you demanded' of vegetable produce; And abasement, submissiveness, and wretchedness, that is, the signs of poverty on account of their submissiveness and debasement that always accompany them, even if they be rich, in the same way that a coin never changes its mint; were cast upon them, and they incurred, ended up with Allah’s wrath; that, that is, that affliction and wrath, was because they used to disbelieve āyāt/ the verses of Allahu ta’ālā and slay prophets, such as Zachariah and John, without right, that is, unjustly; that was because they disobeyed, and they were transgressors, overstepping the bounds in disobedience (here the repetition [dhālik bi-mā 'asaw wa-kānū ya'tadūn] is for emphasis).

62

Surely those who believe, [who believed] before, in the prophets, and those of Jewry, the Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabaeans, a Christian or Jewish sect, whoever, from among them, believes in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day), in the time of our Prophet, and performs righteous deeds, according to the Law given to him - their wage, that is, the reward for their deeds, is with their Rabb, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve (the [singular] person of the verbs āmana, 'believes', and 'amila, 'performs', takes account of the [singular] form of man, 'whoever', but in what comes afterwards [of the plural pronouns] its [plural] meaning [is taken into account]).

63

And, mention, when We made a covenant with you, your pledge to act according to what is in the Torah, and We, had, raised above you the Mount, which We uprooted from the earth [and placed] above you when you refused to accept it [sc. the Torah], and We said, 'Take forcefully, seriously and with effort, what We have given you, and remember what is in it, acting in accordance with it, so that you might preserve yourselves', from the Fire or acts of disobedience.

64

Then you turned away thereafter, and but for Allah’s bounty and His mercy towards you, you would have been among the losers [there is no commentary on this verse].

65

And verily (wa-la-qad: the lām is for oaths) you know that there were those among you who transgressed, violated, the Sabbath, by fishing, when We had forbidden you to do so - these were the inhabitants of Eilat - and We said to them, 'Be apes, despised!', rejected, and they became so: they died three days later.

66

And We made it, this punishment, an exemplary punishment, a lesson to dissuade others from doing what they did; for all the former times and for the latter, that is, for the people of that time or those that came later; and an admonition to such as who fear Allahu ta’ālā: these are singled out for mention here because they, in contrast to others, are the ones who benefit thereby.

67

And, mention, when Moses said to his people, when one among them was killed and the killer was not known, and so they asked Moses to pray to Allahu ta’ālā to reveal the killer, which he did; 'Allahu ta’ālā commands you to sacrifice a cow' They said, 'Do you take us in mockery?', that is, making fun of us when you answer us like this? He said, 'I take refuge with, I seek defence with, Allahu ta’ālā lest I should be one of the ignorant', one of those who indulge in mockery.

68

But when they realised that he was being serious, They said, 'Pray to your Rabb for us, that He may make clear to us what she may be', its true nature, He, Moses, said, 'He, Allahu ta’ālā, says she is a cow neither old, nor virgin, that is, young, middling between the two, in terms of age; so do what you have been commanded', by way of sacrificing it.

69

They said, 'Pray to your Rabb for us, that He make clear to us what her colour may be' He said, 'He says she shall be a golden cow, bright in colour, that is, of a very intense yellow, gladdening to beholders: its beauty will please those that look at it.

70

They said, 'Pray to your Rabb for us, that He make clear to us what she may be: does it graze freely or is it used in labour?; the cows (that is, the species described in the way mentioned), are all alike to us, because there are many of them and we have not been able to find the one sought after; and if Allahu ta’ālā wills, we shall then be guided' to it. In one hadīth [it is reported]: 'Had they not uttered the proviso [inshā'allāh], it would never have been made clear to them'.

71

He said, 'He says she shall be a cow not broken, not subdued for labour, that is, to plough the earth, churning its soil for sowing (tuthīr al-ard: the clause describes the word dhalūl, and constitutes part of the negation); or to water the tillage, that is, the land prepared for sowing; one safe, from faults and the effects of toil; with no blemish, of a colour other than her own, on her'. They said, 'Now you have brought the truth', that is, [now] you have explained it clearly; they thus sought it out and found it with a boy very dutiful towards his mother, and they eventually purchased it for the equivalent of its weight in gold; and so they sacrificed her, even though they very nearly did not, on account of its excessive cost. In a hadīth [it is stated that], 'Had they sacrificed any cow, it would have sufficed them, but they made it difficult for themselves and so Allahu ta’ālā made it difficult for them'.

72

And when you killed a living soul, and disputed thereon (iddāra'tum: the tā' [of the root-form itdāra'tum] has been assimilated with the dāl) - and Allahu ta’ālā disclosed what you were hiding (this is a parenthetical statement; the story begins here [with wa-idh qataltum nafsan, 'and when you killed a soul'… and continues in the following]):

73

so We said, 'Smite him, the slain man, with part of it', and so when he was struck with its tongue or its tail, he came back to life and said, 'So-and-so killed me', and after pointing out two of his cousins, he died; the two [killers] were denied the inheritance and were later killed. Allahu ta’ālā says: even so, is the revival, for, Allahu ta’ālā brings to life the dead, and He shows you His signs, the proofs of His power, so that you might understand, [that you might] reflect and realise that the One capable of reviving a single soul is also capable of reviving a multitude of souls, and then believe.

74

Then your hearts became hardened, O you Jews, they [your hearts] became stiffened against acceptance of the truth, thereafter, that is, after what is mentioned of the bringing back to life of the slain man and the other signs before this; and they are like stones, in their hardness, or even yet harder, than these; for there are stones from which rivers come gushing, and others split (yashshaqqaq: the initial tā' [of the root-form yatashaqqaq] has been assimilated with the shīn), so that water issues from them; and others come down, from on high, in fear of Allahu ta’ālā, while your hearts are unmoved, unstirred and not humbled; And Allahu ta’ālā is not heedless of what you do, but instead, He gives you respite until your time comes (ta'malūna, 'you do': a variant reading has ya'malūna, 'they do', indicating a shift to the third person address).

75

Are you then so eager, O believers, that they, the Jews, should believe you, seeing there is a party of them, a group of their rabbis, that heard Allah’s word, in the Torah, and then tampered with it, changing it, and that, after they had comprehended it, [after] they had understood it, knowingly?, [knowing full well] that they were indulging in mendacity (the hamza [at the beginning of the verb a-fa-tatma'ūn] is [an interrogative] for rejection, in other words, 'Do not be so eager, for they have disbelieved before').

76

And when they, the hypocrites from among the Jews, meet those who believe, they say, 'We believe', that Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" is a prophet and that he is the one of whom we have been given good tidings in our Book; but when they go in private one to another, they, their leaders the ones not involved in the hypocrisy, say, to those hypocrites: 'Do you speak to them, the believers, of what Allahu ta’ālā has disclosed to you, that is, what He has made known to you of Muhammad's "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" description in the Torah, so that they may thereby dispute (the lām of li-yuhājjūkum, 'that they may dispute with you', is the lām of 'becoming') with you before your Rabb?, in the Hereafter and hold the proof against you for not following him [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ], despite your knowledge of his sincerity? Have you no understanding?' of the fact that they will contend with you if you speak to them in this way? So beware.

77

Allahu ta’ālā says: Know they not (the interrogative is affirmative, the inserted wāw [of a-wa-lā] is to indicate the supplement) that Allahu ta’ālā knows what they keep secret and what they proclaim?, that is, what they hide and what they reveal in this matter and all other matters, so that they may desist from these things.

78

And there are some of them, the Jews, that are illiterate, unlettered, not knowing the Scripture, the Torah, but only desires, lies which were handed down to them by their leaders and which they relied upon; and, in their rejection of the prophethood of the Prophet and fabrications of other matters, they have, mere conjectures, and no firm knowledge.

79

So woe, a severe chastisement, to those who write the Scripture with their hands, that is, fabricating it themselves, then say, 'This is from Allahu ta’ālā' that they may sell it for a small price, of this world: these are the Jews, the ones that altered the description of the Prophet in the Torah, as well as the 'stoning' verse, and other details, and rewrote them in a way different from that in which they were revealed. So woe to them for what their hands have written, of fabrications, and woe to them for their earnings, by way of bribery (rishan, plural of rishwa).

80

And they say, when the Prophet promised them the Fire, 'the Fire shall not touch us, that is, afflict us, save a number of days', only a short time of forty days: the same length of time their forefathers worshipped the Calf, after which time it [the Fire] will cease. Say, to them Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , 'Have you taken with Allahu ta’ālā a covenant?, a pledge from Him to this? Allahu ta’ālā will not fail in His covenant, in this matter, or - nay - say you against Allahu ta’ālā what you do not know? (a'ttakhadhtum: the conjunctive hamza has been omitted on account of the interrogative hamza sufficing).

81

Not so, it will touch you and you will abide therein; whoever earns evil, through associating another with Allahu ta’ālā, and is encompassed by his transgression, in the singular and the plural, that is to say, it overcomes him and encircles him totally, for, he has died an idolater - those are the inhabitants of the Fire; abiding therein (khālidūn: this [plural noun] takes account of the [plural] import of man, 'whoever').

82

And those who believe and perform righteous deeds - those are the inhabitants of Paradise, therein abiding.

83

And, mention, when We made a covenant with the Children of Israel, in the Torah, where We said: 'You shall not worship (a variant reading [for lā ta'budūna] has [third person plural] lā ya'budūn ['they shall not worship']) any other than Allahu ta’ālā (lā ta'budūna illā llāha is a predicate denoting a prohibition; one may also read lā ta'budū [Worship you not]); and to be good, and righteous, to parents, and the near of kin: here kinship is adjoined to parents; and to orphans, and to the needy; and speak well, [good] words, to men, commanding good and forbidding evil, being truthful with regard to the status of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , and being kind to them [sc. orphans and the needy] (a variant reading [for hasanan] has husnan, the verbal noun, used as a hyperbolic description); and observe prayer and pay the alms', which you actually accepted, but, then you turned away, refusing to fulfil these [obligations] (here the second person address is used, but their forefathers are [still] meant); all but a few of you, rejecting it, like your forefathers.

84

And when We made a covenant with you, and We said: 'You shall not shed your own blood, spilling it by slaying one another; neither expel your own from your habitations': let no one of you expel the other from his house; then you confirmed it, that is, you accepted this covenant, and you bore witness, upon your own souls.

85

Then there you are killing one another, and expelling a party of you from their habitations, conspiring (tazzāharūna: the original ta' has been assimilated with the zā'; a variant reading has it without [the assimilation, that is, tazāharūna]), assisting one another, against them in sin, in disobedience, and enmity, injustice, and if they come to you as captives (a variant reading [for usārā] has asrā), you ransom them (a variant reading [for tafdūhum] has tufādūhum), that is to say, you deliver them from captivity with money etc., and this [ransoming] was one of the things to which they were pledged; yet their expulsion was forbidden you (muharramun 'alaykum ikhrājuhum is semantically connected to wa-tukhrijūna, 'and expelling', and the statement that comes in between is parenthetical, that is, [expulsion was forbidden you] in the same way that non-ransoming was forbidden you). Qurayza had allied themselves with the Aws, and the Nadīr with the Khazraj, but every member of an alliance would fight against a fellow ally, thus destroying each other's homes and expelling one another, taking prisoners and then ransoming them. When they were asked: 'Why do you fight them and then pay their ransom?', they would reply, 'Because we have been commanded to ransom'; and they would be asked, 'So, why do you fight them then?', to which they would say, 'For fear that our allies be humiliated'; Allahu ta’ālā, exalted, says: What, do you believe in part of the Book, that is, the part about ransom, and disbelieve in part?, namely, the part about renouncing fighting, expulsion and assistance [against one another]; What shall be the requital of those of you who do that, but degradation, disgrace and ignominy, in the life of this world: they were disgraced when Qurayza were slewn and the Nadīr were expelled to Syria, and ordered to pay the jizya; and on the Day of Resurrection to be returned to the most terrible of chastisement? And Allahu ta’ālā is not heedless of what you do (ta'malūna, or read ya'malūna, 'they do').

86

Those are the ones who have purchased the life of this world at the price of the Hereafter, by preferring the former to the latter - for them the punishment shall not be lightened, neither shall they be helped, [neither shall they] protected against it.

87

And We gave Moses the Scripture, the Torah, and after him We sent successive messengers (rusul), that is, We sent them one after another, and We gave Jesus son of Mary the clear proofs, that is, the miracles of bringing the dead back to life and healing the blind and the leper, and We confirmed him, We strengthened him, with the Holy Spirit (the expression rūh al-qudus is an example of annexing [in a genitive construction] the noun described to the adjective [qualifying it], in other words, al-rūh al-muqaddasa), that is, Gabriel, [so described] on account of his [Jesus's] sanctity; he would accompany him [Jesus] wherever he went; still you refuse to be upright, and whenever there came to you a Messenger (rasūl), with what your souls did not desire, [did not] like, in the way of truth, you became arrogant, you disdained to follow him (istakbartum, 'you became arrogant', is the response to the particle kullamā, 'whenever', and constitutes the interrogative, and is meant as a rebuke); and some, of them, you called liars, such as Jesus, and some you slay?, such as Zachariah and John (the present tenses [of these verbs] are used to narrate the past events [as though they were events in the present], in other words, '[and some] you slew').

88

And they say, to the Prophet mockingly: 'Our hearts are encased' (ghulf is the plural of aghlaf), that is to say, wrapped up in covers and cannot comprehend what you say; Allahu ta’ālā, exalted be He, says: Nay (bal introduces the rebuttal), but Allahu ta’ālā has cursed them, removed them far from His mercy and degraded them when they rejected [the messengers (rusul)], for their unbelief, which is not the result of anything defective in their hearts; and little will they believe (fa-qalīlan mā yu'minūn: the mā here is extra, emphasising the 'littleness' involved): that is, their belief is minimal.

89

When there came to them a Book from Allahu ta’ālā, confirming what was with them, in the Torah, that is the Qur'ān - and they formerly, before it came, prayed for victory, for assistance, over the disbelievers, saying: 'Allahu ta’ālā, give us assistance against them through the Prophet that shall be sent at the end of time'; but when there came to them what they recognised, as the truth, that is, the mission of the Prophet, they disbelieved in it, out of envy and for fear of losing leadership (the response to the first lammā particle is indicated by the response to the second one); and the curse of Allahu ta’ālā is on the disbelievers.

90

Evil is that for which they sell their souls, that is, their share of the reward [in the Hereafter] (bi'samā, 'evil is that [for] which': mā here is an indefinite particle, representing 'a thing', and constitutes a specification qualifying the subject of [the verb] bi's, 'evil is', the very thing being singled out for criticism); that they disbelieve in that, Qur'ān, which Allahu ta’ālā has revealed, grudging (baghyan here is an object denoting reason for yakfurū, 'they disbelieve'), that is, out of envy, that Allahu ta’ālā should reveal (read either yunzil or yunazzil) of His bounty, the Inspiration, to whomever He will of His servants, to deliver the Message; and they were laden, they returned, with anger, from Allahu ta’ālā for their disbelief in what He has revealed (the indefinite form, bi-ghadabin, 'with anger', is used to emphasise the awesomeness [of the 'anger']), upon anger, which they deserved formerly, when they neglected the Torah and disbelieved in Jesus; and for the disbelievers there shall be a humiliating chastisement.

91

And when it was said to them, 'Believe in what Allahu ta’ālā has revealed, that is, the Qur'ān and other [Books], they said, 'We believe in what was revealed to us', that is, the Torah; and (wā, here indicates a circumstantial qualifier) they disbelieve in what is beyond that, what is other than that or what came afterwards, such as the Qur'ān; yet it is the truth (wa-huwa'l-haqqu is a circumstantial qualifier) confirming (musaddiqan, a second circumstantial qualifier for emphasis) what is with them. Say, to them: 'Why then were you slaying the prophets of Allahu ta’ālā formerly, if you were believers?' in the Torah and in it you were forbidden to kill them: this address, concerning what their forefathers did, is directed towards those present at the time of our Prophet, on account of their approval of it [that is, of what the forefathers had done].

92

And Moses came to you with clear proofs, miracles, such as the staff, his hand, and the parting of the sea; then you took to yourselves the calf, as a god, after him, after he had gone to the appointment, and you were evildoers, for taking it [in worship].

93

And when We made a covenant with you, to act according to what is in the Torah, and raised over you the Mount, to drop it on you, when you had refused to accept it; We said, 'Take forcefully, seriously and with effort, what We have given you, and listen', to what you have been commanded, and be prepared to accept it, They said, 'We hear, your words, and disobey', your command; and they were made to drink the calf in their hearts, that is to say, the love of it [the golden calf] intoxicated their hearts in the way that wine does, on account of their unbelief. Say, to them: 'Evil is that, thing, which your belief, in the Torah, enjoins on you, [in the way of] the worship of the [golden] calf, if you are believers', in it, as you claim; meaning, you are not believers, for faith does not command that you worship the calf - their forefathers are meant here. Likewise, you do not believe in the Torah, because you have denied [the prophethood of] Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , whereas faith in it does not command you to reject him.

94

Say, to them: 'If the Abode of the Hereafter, that is, Paradise, with Allahu ta’ālā is purely yours, that is, exclusively, and not for other people, as you allege, then long for death - if you speak truly' (here both conditionals are connected to the verb tamannū, 'long for', so that the first is dependent upon the second, in other words, 'If you speak truly when you claim that it is yours, then you will naturally incline to what is yours, and since the path to it is death, long for it [death]').

95

But they will never long for it, because of that which their own hands have sent before them, as a result of their rejection of the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , the consequence of their mendacity. Allahu ta’ālā knows the evildoers, the disbelievers and He will requite them.

96

And you shall find them (the lām of la-tajidannahum is for oaths) the people most covetous of life, and, more covetous of it than, the idolaters, who reject the [idea of the] Resurrection, for the former know that their journey's end will be the Fire, while the idolaters do not believe even in this; any one of them would love, wishes, that he might be given life for a thousand years (law yu'ammar, '[if only] he might be given life': the particle law, 'if only', relates to the verbal noun and functions with the sense of an, 'that', and together with its relative clause explains the [implicit] verbal noun in the object of the verb yawaddu, 'he would love'); yet, any one of them, his being given life (an yu'ammara, 'that he should be given life', constitutes the subject of the verb muzahzihihi, 'that it should budge him' [this verb comes later], as though it were ta'mīruhu, 'the giving of life to him') shall not budge, remove, him from the chastisement, of the Fire. Allahu ta’ālā sees what they do (ya'malūna may be alternatively read ta'malūna, 'you do'), and will requite them. ['Abd Allāh] Ibn Sūryā asked the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , or ‘Umar [b. al-Khattāb], about which angel brings down the revelation, and he replied that it was Gabriel; he [Ibn Sūryā] then said, 'He is our enemy, because he brings chastisement with him; had it been Michael, we would have believed in him, because he brings fertility and security.' Then, the following was revealed:

97

Say, to them: 'Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel, let him die in exasperation - he it was that brought it, the Qur'ān, down upon your heart by the leave, by the command, of Allahu ta’ālā, confirming what was before it, of scriptures, a guidance, from error, and good tidings, of Paradise, for the believers.

98

Whoever is an enemy to Allahu ta’ālā and His angels and His messengers (rusul), and Gabriel (read Jibrīl or Jabrīl, Jibra'il or Jabra'il, Jibra'īl or Jabra'īl), and Michael (Mīkāl, also read Mīkā'īl, or Mīkā'il; a supplement to malā'ikatihi, 'His angels', an example of the specific being supplemented to the collective) - then surely Allahu ta’ālā is an enemy to the disbelievers' (He says 'to the disbelievers' instead of 'to them' in order to point out their status).

99

And We have revealed to you, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , clear proofs, lucid [ones] (bayyinātin, 'clear proofs', is a circumstantial qualifier; this was in response to Ibn Sūryā saying to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , 'You have not brought us anything'); and none disbelieves in them except the wicked, these have disbelieved in them.

100

Why, whenever they make a covenant, with Allahu ta’ālā that they will believe in the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" when he appears, or that they will not give assistance to the idolaters against the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , does a party of them reject it?, cast it away repudiating it (this is the response to the clause beginning with kullamā, the interrogative of rebuke). Nay (bal indicates a transition), but most of them are disbelievers.

101

When there came to them a Messenger (rasūl) from Allahu ta’ālā, namely, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , confirming what was with them, a party of them who were given the Scripture have cast away the Scripture of Allahu ta’ālā, that is, the Torah, behind their backs, that is to say, they have not acted according to what it said about belief in the Messenger (rasūl) and otherwise; as though they did not know, what is contained in it, to the effect that he is a true Prophet, or that it is the Book of Allahu ta’ālā.

102

And they follow (wa'ttaba'ū is a supplement to nabadha, '[it] cast away') what the devils used to relate, during the time of, Solomon's mulk (reign), in the way of sorcery: it is said that they [the devils] buried these [books of sorcery] underneath his throne when his mulk (reign) was taken from him; it is also said that they used to listen stealthily and add fabrications to what they heard, and then pass it on to the priests, who would compile it in books; this would be disseminated and rumours spread that the jinn had knowledge of the Unseen. Solomon gathered these books and buried them. When he died, the devils showed people where these books were, and the latter brought them out and found that they contained sorcery, and said, 'Your reign was only thanks to what is in here'; they then took to learning them and rejected the Scriptures of their prophets.

In order to demonstrate Solomon's innocence and in repudiation of the Jews when they said,

'Look at this Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , he mentions Solomon as one of the prophets, when he was only a sorcerer',

Allahu ta’ālā, exalted, says: Solomon disbelieved not, that is, he did not work magic because he disbelieved, but the devils disbelieved, teaching the people sorcery (this sentence is a circumstantial qualifier referring to the person governing the verb kafarū); and, teaching them, that which was revealed to the two angels, that is, the sorcery that they were inspired to [perform] (al-malakayn, 'the two angels': a variant reading has al-malikayn, 'the two kings') who were, in Babylon - a town in lower Iraq - Hārūt and Mārūt (here the names are standing in for 'the two angels', or an explication of the latter). Ibn ‘Abbās said, 'They were two sorcerers who used to teach [people] magic'; it is also said that they were two angels that had been sent to teach [sorcery] to people as a trial from Allahu ta’ālā. They taught not any man, without them saying, by way of counsel, 'We are but a temptation, a trial from Allahu ta’ālā for people, so that He may test them when they are taught it: whoever learns it is a disbeliever, but whoever renounces it, he is a believer; do not disbelieve', by learning it; if this person refused and insisted on learning it, they would teach him.

103

Yet if only they, the Jews, had believed, in the Prophet and the Qur'ān, and been fearful, of Allah’s chastisement, by abandoning acts of disobedience towards Him, such as sorcery (the response to the [conditional clause beginning with] law, 'if', has been omitted, [but it is intimated to be] 'they would have been rewarded', and this is indicated by [His following words]) verily, a reward from Allahu ta’ālā would have been better, than that for which they sold themselves, if they had but known, that this is better they would not have preferred that over this (la-mathūbatun, 'verily the reward', is the subject; the lām is that of oaths; and min 'indi'llāhi khayrun, 'from Allahu ta’ālā, would have been better', is the predicate).

104

O you who believe, do not say, to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , 'Observe us,' (rā'inā is an imperative form from murā'āt), which they used to say to him, and this was a derogatory term in Hebrew, derived from the noun al-ru'ūna ['thoughtlessness']. They found this very amusing and used to address the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" in this way, and so the believers were forbidden to use it; but say, instead, 'Regard us', that is, look at us, and give ear, to what you are commanded and be prepared to accept it; and for disbelievers awaits a painful chastisement, that is, the Fire.

105

Those disbelievers of the People of the Scripture and the idolaters, from among the Arabs (al-mushrikīna, 'idolaters', is a supplement to ahl al-kitābi, 'People of the Scripture', and the min, 'of', is explicative), do not wish that any good, any Inspiration, should be revealed to you from your Rabb, out of envy of you, but Allahu ta’ālā singles out for His mercy, [for] the office of His prophet, whom He will; Allahu ta’ālā is of bounty abounding.

106

When the disbelievers began to deride the matter of abrogation, saying that one day Muhammad enjoins his companions to one thing and then the next day he forbids it, Allahu ta’ālā revealed: And whatever verse (mā is the conditional particle), that has been revealed containing a judgement, We abrogate, either together with its recital or not [that is only its judgement, but its recital continues]; there is a variant reading, nunsikh, meaning '[Whatever verse] We command you or Gabriel to abrogate', or postpone, so that We do not reveal the judgement contained in it, and We withhold its recital or retain it in the Preserved Tablet; a variant reading [of nunsi'hā] is nunsihā, from 'to forget': so '[Whatever verse We abrogate] or We make you forget, that is, We erase from your heart'; the response to the conditional sentence [begun with mā] is: We bring [in place] a better, one that is more beneficial for [Our] servants, either because it is easier [to implement] or contains much reward; or the like of it, in terms of religious obligation and reward; do you not know that Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things?, including abrogating and substituting [verses]? (the interrogative here is meant as an affirmative).

107

Do you not know that to Allahu ta’ālā belongs the mulk (reign) of the heavens and the earth, doing what He pleases, and that you have none, besides Allahu ta’ālā, other than Allahu ta’ālā, neither protector, to safeguard you, nor helper?, to keep away His chastisement when it comes. When the Meccans asked [the Prophet] to enlarge the size of Mecca and make Safā full of gold, the following was revealed:

108

Or do you desire to question your Messenger (rasūl) as Moses was questioned, by his people, aforetime?, when they asked him to show them Allahu ta’ālā openly among other things; whoever exchanges belief for unbelief, taking the latter in place of the former by refraining from contemplating the clear proofs and by requesting others instead, has surely strayed from the even way, meaning, he has mistaken the proper path (al-sawā' essentially means al-wasat, 'middle way').

109

Many of the People of the Scripture long that (law, '[if only] that', represents [the import of] the verbal noun) they might make you disbelievers, after you have believed, from the envy (hasadan is the object denoting reason), being, of their own souls, that is to say, their wicked souls have prompted them to this [attitude]; after the truth, with regard to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , has become clear to them, in the Torah; yet pardon, leave them be, and be forgiving, stay away, and make no encroachments against them, till Allahu ta’ālā brings His command, concerning fighting them; truly Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things.

110

And perform the prayer, and pay the alms; whatever good, in the way of obedience, such as [observing] kinship and charity, you shall offer for your own souls, you shall find it, that is, its reward, with Allahu ta’ālā; assuredly Allahu ta’ālā sees what you do, and will requite you for it.

111

And they say, 'None shall enter Paradise except those who are Jews (hūd is the plural of hā'id) or Christians': this is what the Jews of Medina and the Christians of Najrān said when they disputed with the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , each party separately claiming Paradise for its members exclusively. Such, sayings, are their desires, their false passions. Say, to them: 'Produce your proof, your evidence for this, if you speak truly', in this matter.

112

Nay, but, others will also enter Paradise, namely, whoever submits his purpose to Allahu ta’ālā, that is, adheres to His commands (wajh, 'face' [sc. 'purpose'], is here mentioned because it is the most noble part of the body, so that [when it has submitted] there is all the more reason for the other parts [to follow]), being virtuous, affirming Allah’s Oneness, his reward is with his Rabb, the reward of his deeds being Paradise, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve, in the Hereafter.

113

The Jews say, 'The Christians stand on nothing', that can be used as support [for their claims], and they rejected Jesus; and the Christians say, 'The Jews stand on nothing', that can be used as support [for their claims], and they rejected Moses; yet they, both groups, recite the Scripture, revealed to them: in the Scripture of the Jews there is the confirmation of Jesus, and in that of the Christians there is the confirmation of Moses (yatlūna'l-kitāba, 'they recite the Scripture': the sentence is a circumstantial qualifier). Thus, in the way that these have said, the ignorant, from among the Arabs and others, say the like of what these say (this last phrase [mithla qawlihim, 'the like of what they say'] is the explication of dhālika, 'that [way]'): that is to say, to every person of religion they would say, 'You have no basis'; Allahu ta’ālā shall decide between them on the Day of Resurrection regarding their differences, in religion and will admit the confirmer into Paradise and the falsifier into the Fire.

114

And who does greater evil - that is, none does more evil - than he who bars Allah’s places of worship, so that His Name be not invoked in them, in prayer and praise, and strives to ruin them?, through destruction and impeding people from them: this was revealed to inform of the Byzantines' destruction of the Holy House [sc. Jerusalem], or [it was revealed] when the idolaters barred the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" from entering Mecca in the year of the battle of Hudaybiyya; such men might never enter them, save in fear (illā khā'ifīna is a predicate, also functioning as a command, that is to say, 'Frighten them by threats of waging war against them, so that not one of them shall enter it feeling secure'); for them in this world is degradation, debasement through being killed, taken captive and forced to pay the jizya; and in the Hereafter a mighty chastisement, namely, the Fire.

115

The following was revealed either when the Jews criticised the change of the direction of prayer [qibla], or concerning the supererogatory prayers on animal-back during journeys, which one may pray in any direction: To Allahu ta’ālā belong the East and the West, that is, the entire earth, because these two [directions] represent both sides of it [the earth]; whithersoever you turn, your faces in prayer by His command, there is the Face of Allahu ta’ālā, the direction of prayer with which He is pleased. Lo! Allahu ta’ālā is Embracing, His bounty embracing all things, Knowing, how to manage His creation.

116

And they, the Jews and the Christians, and those that claim that the angels are Allah’s daughters, say (read wa-qālū or [simply] qālū) 'Allahu ta’ālā has taken to Himself a son'; Allahu ta’ālā says: Glory be to Him!, as a way of exalting Himself above this; Nay, to Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth, as possessions, creatures and servants, and this sovereignty contradicts having a child, and is expressed by [the particle] mā, 'all that', in order to include all [creation] that is not rational; all obey His will, submitting to that which is required from each one of them: here the emphasis is on rational beings.

117

Creator of the heavens and the earth, making them exist without any exemplary precedent; and when He decrees, wills, a thing, to exist, He but says to it 'Be' and it is, that is to say, it becomes (fa-yakūnu: a variant reading has fa-yakūna, on account of it being the response [in the subjunctive mood] to the jussive statement).

118

And they, that is the disbelievers of Mecca, who do not know, say, to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" : 'Why does Allahu ta’ālā not speak to us?, [to say] that you are His Messenger (rasūl); Why does a sign not come to us?', of the sort we have requested in order to show your sincerity. So, in the same way that these [disbelievers] have spoken, spoke those before them, from among past communities, to their prophets, the like of what they say, in [their] obstinacy and demand for signs; their hearts are much alike, in terms of unbelief and stubbornness: this is meant as consolation for the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" . Yet We have made clear the signs to a people who are certain, [a people] who know that these are [Allah’s] signs and so they believe in them, for to request other signs would be obduracy.

119

We have sent you, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , with the truth, the guidance, a bearer of good tidings, of Paradise, for those who respond to this [guidance], and warner, of the Fire, to those who do not respond to it. You shall not be asked about the inhabitants of Hell-fire, that is, about why the disbelievers did not believe, for your responsibility is only to deliver the Message (a variant reading of lā tus'al is lā tas'al, 'do not ask', with the final apocopation of the vowel on account of it being an imperative).

120

Never will the Jews be pleased with you, neither the Christians, not until you follow their creed, their religion, Say: 'Allah’s guidance, that is, Islam, is the true guidance', besides which there is only error. And if you were (wa-la-in: the lām is for oaths) to follow their whims, hypothetically speaking, [whims] to which they are calling you, after the knowledge, the Divine revelation, that has come to you, you shall have against Allahu ta’ālā neither friend, to protect you, nor helper, to defend you against Him.

121

Those to whom We have given the Scripture (this is the subject of the sentence), and who recite it with true recitation, that is, who recite it as it was revealed (haqqa tilāwatihi, 'its true recitation', is a circumstantial qualifier; haqqa is in the accusative because it is the object of the verbal noun), they believe in it (this is the predicate): this was revealed concerning a group of Ethiopians that presented themselves [to the Prophet] and accepted Islam; and whoever disbelieves in it, that is, in the revealed Book, by distorting it, they shall be the losers, because they will be destined for the Fire, made everlasting for them.

122

O Children of Israel, remember My favour wherewith I favoured you, and that I have preferred you over all the worlds: a similar verse has already been mentioned.

123

And beware of, fear, a day when no soul shall for another, on this [Day] be requited, that is, [when no soul for another] shall be of any avail, and no compensation, no ransom, shall be accepted from it, nor any intercession shall benefit it, neither shall they be helped against Allah’s chastisement.

124

And, mention, when his Rabb tested, tried, Abraham (Ibrāhīm: also read Ibrāhām) with certain words, with certain commands and prohibitions with which He charged him: it is said that these included the rituals of the Pilgrimage, the rinsing of the mouth, snuffing up water into the nostrils [to clean them], cleaning of the teeth, trimming facial hair, combing of the hair, trimming the fingernails, shaving armpit and pubic hair, circumcision and washing one's private parts after elimination; and he fulfilled them, he performed them thoroughly; He, Allahu ta’ālā, exalted, said, to him: 'I make you a leader, an exemplar in religion, for the people.' Said he, 'And of my seed?', my progeny, make leaders [from among them]; He said, 'My covenant, of leadership, shall not reach the evildoers', the disbelievers from among them: this indicates that [the covenant] will reach only those who are not evildoers.

125

And when We appointed the House, the Ka'ba, to be a place of visitation, to which they flock from every direction, for the people, and a sanctuary, of safety for them from the injustice and attacks that befall other places: a person could come across his father's killer there, and yet not act violently against him; and: 'Take (ittakhidhū is also read ittakhadhū, making it a predicate), O people, to yourselves Abraham's station, the founding stone he used when building the House, for a place of prayer', so that you perform two units of prayer for the circumambulation; And We made a covenant with Abraham and Ishmael, We commanded them: 'Purify My House, of graven images, for those that shall go round it and those that cleave to it, in ritual residence, to those who bow and prostrate themselves', that is, those who pray: (al-rukka' and al-sujūd are the plurals of rāki', 'one bowing', and sājid, 'one prostrated', respectively).

126

And when Abraham said, 'My Rabb, make this, place, a land secure, in which there is safety: Allahu ta’ālā granted him his request, making it a sanctuary in which no human blood is shed, no injustice is committed towards anyone, no prey is hunted and which is never deserted in any of its parts; and provide its people with fruits: something which actually happened when there came itinerants from as far as Syria, whereas before, it had been devoid of any vegetation or water; such of them as believe in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day)' (this phrase stands in place of its people, and they are here singled out for mention in the request in accordance with Allah’s saying My covenant shall not reach the evildoers); He, exalted, said, 'And whoever disbelieves, I will also provide with fruits, to him I shall give enjoyment (read either umti'uhu or umatti'uhu), by granting him sustenance in this life, a little, the length of his life, but then I shall compel him, I shall drive him in the Hereafter to the chastisement of the Fire, so that he cannot find an escape - how evil a journey's end!', a place to which to return.

127

And, mention, when Abraham raised up the foundations, the supports or the walls, of the House, building it (min al-bayt, 'of the House', is semantically connected to yarfa'u, 'raises up'), and Ishmael with him (wa-Ismā'īlu is a supplement to Ibrāhīmu), both of them saying: 'Our Rabb! Receive this, building, from us. Truly You are the Hearing, of words, the Knowing, of deeds.

128

Our Rabb! And make us submissive, compliant, to You and, make, of our seed, our progeny, a community, a people, submissive to You (min [in the phrase min dhurriyyatinā, 'of our seed'] here is partitive, and is used here in accordance with Allah’s above-mentioned saying My covenant shall not reach the evildoers); and show us, teach us, our holy rites, our ceremonies for worship or for the pilgrimage, and relent to us. Surely You are the Relenting, the Merciful: they asked Him to turn towards them, despite their [moral] impeccability, out of humbleness and in order to teach their progeny.

129

Our Rabb! And send among them, the people of this House, a Messenger (rasūl), one of them and Allahu ta’ālā granted him this petition with [the sending of] Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , who shall recite to them Your verses, the Qur'ān, and teach them the Book, the Qur'ān, and al-hıkmah (Wisdom), that is, what the former contains of judgements, and purify them, cleanse them of idolatry; You are the Mighty, the Victor, the Wise, in His creation.

130

Who therefore, meaning 'none', shrinks from the religion of Abraham, abandoning it, except he who fools himself?, that is to say, either the one who ignores that his soul has been created for Allahu ta’ālā, and that it is obliged to worship Him, or the one who treats it with frivolity and degrades it. Indeed We chose him, We elected him, in this world, for prophethood and friendship, and in the Hereafter he shall be among the righteous, those of the high stations [al-darajāt al-'ulā, cf. Q. 20:75].

131

And mention: When his Rabb said to him, 'Submit', obey Allahu ta’ālā and devote your religion purely to Him, he said, 'I have submitted to the Rabb of the Worlds'.

132

And Abraham enjoined (wassā; may also be read awsā) upon his sons this, creed, and [so did] Jacob, upon his sons, saying: 'My sons, Allahu ta’ālā has chosen for you the [true] religion, the religion of submission [to Allahu ta’ālā] (islām), see that you die not save in submission: he forbad them from abandoning this submission [to Allahu ta’ālā], and enjoined them to adhere firmly to it until death overtook them.

133

When the Jews said to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , 'Do you not know that on the day of his death Jacob charged his sons with Judaism?', the following was revealed: Or, were you witnesses, present, when death came to Jacob? When (idh, 'when', substitutes for the preceding idh) he said to his sons, 'What will you worship after me?', after I die?; They said, 'We will worship your God and the God of your fathers Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac (in recognition of the predominant [mention of the father figures] Ishmael is also counted as a father, and also because the status of an uncle is akin to that of a father), One God (ilāhan wāhidan, 'One God', substitutes for ilāhaka, 'your God'), to Him we submit (the initial am [of the phrase am kuntum, 'Or, were you …'] is similar to the hamza of denial [sc. a-kuntum], the sense being, 'You were not present at his death, so how do you ascribe to him what does not befit him?').

134

That (tilka, is the subject of this sentence and denotes Abraham, Jacob and his sons, and is feminine because it agrees with the gender of its predicate) is a community that has passed away, has gone before; theirs is what they have earned, the reward for their deeds (lahā mā kasabat, theirs is what they have earned', constitutes the commencement of a new sentence) and yours (the Jews are being addressed here) is what you have earned; you shall not be asked about what they did, in the same way that they will not be asked about what you did, this latter statement being an affirmation of the former.

135

And they say, 'Be Jews or Christians (the particle aw is for detail; the first of these is the saying of the Medinan Jews, while the second is that of the Christians of Najrān), and you shall be guided'. Say, to them: 'Nay, we follow, rather the creed of Abraham, a hanīf (hanīfan is a circumstantial qualifier referring to Ibrāhīma, that is to say, one that inclines away from all other religions to the upright religion); and he was not of the idolaters.

136

Say: (this address is to the believers) 'We believe in Allahu ta’ālā, and in that which has been revealed to us, the Qur'ān, and revealed to Abraham, the ten scrolls, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, his sons, and that which was given to Moses, the Torah, and Jesus, the Gospel, and the prophets, from their Rabb, of Books and signs, we make no division between any of them, believing in some and disbelieving in others in the manner of Jews and Christians, and to Him we submit'.

137

And if they, the Jews and the Christians, believe in the like (mithl, 'the like' is extra) of what you believe in, then they are truly guided; but if they turn away, from belief in it, then they are clearly in schism, in opposition to you; Allahu ta’ālā will suffice you, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , against them, and their schisms; He is the Hearer, of their sayings, the Knower, of their circumstances: Allahu ta’ālā sufficed him [with regard to them] by killing Qurayza, expelling Nadīr and exacting the jizya from them.

138

The mark of Allahu ta’ālā (sibghata'llāhi: a verbal noun reaffirming the earlier āmannā, and it is in the accusative, because of the verbal construction implied, that is to say, sabaghanā'llāhu, 'Allahu ta’ālā has marked us'): this denotes His religion, the one towards which He made human beings naturally inclined, as it leaves its mark on a person, in the same way that a dye leaves its mark on a garment; and who has, that is, none [has], a better mark (sibghatan, 'marking', is for specification) than Allahu ta’ālā? And Him we worship: the Jews said to the Muslims, 'We are the people of the first Book and our direction of prayer (qibla) is more ancient, and prophets were never sent from among the Arabs; if Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" were a prophet, he would have been one of us'. Thus, the following was revealed:

139

Say, to them: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning Allahu ta’ālā, that He chose a prophet from among the Arabs, and He is our Rabb and your Rabb?, and so it is for Him to choose whom He will, Our deeds belong to us, for which we will be requited, and to you belong your deeds, for which you will be requited, so that it is not improbable that among our deeds there will be those for which we will deserve to be honoured; and to Him we are sincerely devoted, in religion and in deed, unlike you, hence, we are more worthy to be chosen (the hamza [of a-tuhājjūnanā, 'would you then dispute'] is for rejection, and the three clauses that follow it are all circumstantial qualifiers).

140

Or, nay, do you say (taqūlūna, also read yaqūlūna, 'do they say?'): " Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob, and the Tribes - they were Jews, or they were Christians? " Say, to them: 'Have you then greater knowledge, or has Allahu ta’ālā?', that is, Allahu ta’ālā has greater knowledge; He dissociated Abraham from both [groups], when He said, Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian [Q. 3:67]; and those mentioned with him [Abraham] are his followers [in not belonging to either group]. And who does greater injustice than he who conceals, hides from people, a testimony, he has, received from Allahu ta’ālā?, that is, there is none more unjust than him: these are the Jews, for they concealed Allah’s testimony about Abraham's pure faith in the Torah; And Allahu ta’ālā is not heedless of what you do': [this is] a threat for them.

141

That is a community that has passed away; theirs is what they have earned, and yours is what you have earned; you shall not be asked about what they did: a similar [verse] has already been mentioned above.

142

The fools, the ignorant, among the people, that is, the Jews and the idolaters, will say, 'What, matter, has turned them, the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" and the believers, from the direction they were facing in their prayers formerly?', this being the Holy House (bayt al-maqdis, sc. Jerusalem); the sīn [of sa-yaqūlu, 'they will say'] denotes the future tense and informs of the Unseen. Say: 'To Allahu ta’ālā belong the East and the West, that is, all directions. Thus He commands that they face whichever direction He wills, and there can be no objection. He guides whomever He will, His guidance being, to a straight path', that is, the religion of Islam, and you are among these [guided ones].

143

Thus, in the same way that We guided you to it, We appointed you, O community of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , a midmost community, excellent and upright, that you might be witnesses to the people, on the Day of Resurrection, that their messengers (rusul) delivered [the Message] to them; and that the Messenger (rasūl) might be a witness to you, that he delivered [the Message] to you, and We did not appoint, make, the direction, for you now, the direction, you were facing, that is the Ka'ba: the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" used to face it in prayer, but when he emigrated he was commanded to face the Holy House [of Jerusalem], in order to win the hearts of the Jews. He prayed in this direction for sixteen or seventeen months before he changed direction; except that We might know, [that it become] manifest knowledge, who followed the Messenger (rasūl), and believed in him, from him who turned on his heels, and returned to unbelief doubting the religion and thinking that the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" was confused about this issue; and a number of them apostatised as a result of this- though it, the change of direction, were (wa-in, 'though', is softened, and its noun apocopated, originally being: wa-innahā) a grave thing, troublesome for people, save for those, of them, whom Allahu ta’ālā has guided; but Allahu ta’ālā would never cause your faith, that is, your prayers towards the Holy House [of Jerusalem], to be wasted, but He will reward you for them (the reason that this [verse] was revealed was that some had asked about the status of those that had died before the change of direction [of prayer]); truly, Allahu ta’ālā is Gentle with, believing, people, Merciful, when He does not let their deeds go to waste (al-ra'fa means 'intensity of mercy', and is mentioned first to allow for the end rhyme of the verse [with the preceding one]).

144

We have indeed (qad, 'indeed', is for affirmation) seen you turning your face about in the, direction of the, heaven, looking around for the Revelation and longing for the command to face the Ka'ba: he [the Prophet] wished for this because it was the prayer-direction of Abraham and would be more conducive to the submission of the Arabs [to Islam]; now We will surely turn you to a direction that shall satisfy you, that you will love. Turn your face, in prayer, towards the Sacred Mosque, that is, the Ka'ba, and wherever you are (addressing the [Muslim] community) turn your faces, in prayer, towards it. Those who have been given the Scripture know that it, the change towards the Ka'ba, is the, fixed, truth from their Rabb, on account of the description in their Scripture of how the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" would re-orient himself to it; Allahu ta’ālā is not heedless of what you do, O believers, when you obey His command (alternatively, ta'malūna, 'you do', can be read ya'malūna, 'they do', in other words [it would be referring to] the Jews' denial of the matter concerning the direction of prayer).

145

Yet if (wa-la-in: the lām is for oaths) you should bring to those who have been given the Scripture every sign, about your truthfulness in the matter of the direction of prayer, they will not follow your direction, out of obduracy, and you are not a follower of their direction (this is a categorical negation of his [the Prophet's] desire that they become Muslims and of their desire that he return to their direction of prayer; neither are they, the Jews and the Christians, followers of one another's direction. If you were to follow their whims, the ones to which they summon you, after the knowledge, the revelation, that has come to you, then you, if, hypothetically, you were to follow them, will surely be among the evildoers.

146

Those to whom We have given the Scripture, they recognise him, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , as they recognise their sons, because of the descriptions of him in their Scripture: ['Abd Allāh] Ibn Salām said, 'I recognised him the moment I saw him, as I would my own son; but my recognition of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" was more intense'; even though there is a party of them that conceal the truth, that is, his description, while they know, this [truth] which you [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] follow.

147

The truth comes from your Rabb; then be not among the doubters, who doubt it, that is to say, '[be not] of such a disposition', which is more eloquent than merely saying, 'do not waver'.

148

Every person, of every community, has his direction (wijha), [his] qibla, to which he turns (muwallīhā, 'he turns to it', is also read as muwallāhā, 'he is made to turn to it'), in his prayers, so vie with one another in good works, strive with acts of obedience and acceptance of these. Wherever you may be, Allahu ta’ālā will bring you all together, gathering you on the Day of Resurrection and requiting you for your deeds; surely Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things.

149

From whatever place you issue, on a journey, turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque; it is the truth from your Rabb. Allahu ta’ālā is not heedless of what you do (ta'malūna, 'you do', may also be read as ya'malūna, 'they do', as already appears above [sc. 2:144]; its repetition is intended to point out that the stipulation applies equally to being on a journey or otherwise).

150

From whatever place you issue, turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque; and wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it (all of which is being repeated for emphasis), so that there be not any argument from the people, the Jews or the idolaters, against you, [so that there be not] any cause for contention regarding the change to a different direction of prayer. In this way, their contentions against you will cease to exist, both [the contentions] of the Jews when they say, 'He [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] rejects our religion, but follows our direction of prayer', and of the idolaters when they say, 'He [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] claims to follow the creed of Abraham, but he contravenes his [Abraham's] qibla'; excepting the evildoers among them, acting in obstinacy, who will say, 'He [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] only changed to this direction because of his [natural] inclination towards the [idolatrous] religion of his forefathers'. The exceptive statement [indicated by illā] is a continuous one, the meaning being: 'No one will have anything to say against you, except for what these people say'; and do not fear them, do not fear their arguing [with you] regarding the change to it [the Ka'ba], but fear Me, by complying with My command; and that I may perfect My grace upon you, by guiding you to the principal rituals of your religion, and that you may be guided, to the truth (wa-li-utimma, 'that I may perfect', is a supplement to li-allā yakūna, 'that there be not').

151

As also We have sent (this [verbal clause ka-mā arsalnā, 'as We have sent'] is semantically connected to wa-li-utimma [of the previous verse], that is to say, '[Also We have sent] by way of perfection'); as it [My grace] has been perfected by Our sending, among you, of yourselves, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , a Messenger (rasūl), to recite Our verses, the Qur'ān, to you and to purify you, to cleanse you from idolatry, and to teach you the Book, the Qur'ān, and al-hikmah (wisdom), the rulings therein, and to teach you what you knew not.

152

So remember Me, through prayer, glorification and the like, I will remember you: this is said to mean, 'I will reward you'; in a hadīth about Allahu ta’ālā [that He says]: 'whoever remembers Me in himself, I will remember him in Myself, and whoever remembers Me in an assembly, I will remember him in an Assembly more excellent than his'; and be thankful to Me, for My grace, by being obedient, and be not ungrateful towards Me, through disobedience.

153

O you who believe, seek help, regarding the Hereafter, through patience, in obedience and afflictions, and prayer (He singles it out for mention on account of its frequency and its greatness); surely Allahu ta’ālā is with the patient, helping them.

154

And say not of those slain in Allah’s way, that, 'They are dead'; rather they are living, their spirits are, according to a hadīth, contained in green birds that take wing freely wherever they wish in Paradise; but you are not aware, [but you] do not know their condition.

155

Surely We will try you with something of fear, of an enemy, and hunger, by way of drought, and diminution of goods, as a result of destruction, and lives, as a result of slaughter, death and disease, and fruits, by way of crop damage: that is to say, We will try you to see if you practise patience or not; yet give good tidings, of Paradise, to the patient, during calamities;

156

those who, when they are struck by an affliction, a calamity, say, 'Surely we belong to Allahu ta’ālā, we are His possession and servants, with whom He does as He pleases; and to Him we will return', in the Hereafter, whereupon He will requite us: in one hadīth [it is said that], 'whoever pronounces the istirjā' [sc. the formula 'surely we belong to Allahu ta’ālā and to Him we will return'] when an affliction befalls him, Allahu ta’ālā will reward him and compensate him with what is better'. Similarly, it is said that on one occasion when his lamp blew out, the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" uttered the istirjā', whereupon ‘ā’isha said to him, saying: 'But, it is just a lamp', to which he replied, 'Whatever bothers a believer is an affliction [of sorts]': this is reported by Abū Dāwūd in his [section on] mursal reports.

157

Upon those rest blessings, forgiveness, and mercy, grace, from their Rabb, and those - they are the truly guided, to rectitude.

158

Truly Safā and Marwa, two mountains near Mecca, are among the waymarks (sha'ā'ir, plural of sha'īra) of Allahu ta’ālā, the [ritual] ceremonies of His religion, so whoever makes the Pilgrimage to the House, or the Visitation, that is, whoever prepares to perform the Pilgrimage [hajj] or the Visitation ['umra]: the original sense of both terms [hajja and i'tamara] is 'to aim for' and 'to visit', respectively; he would not be at fault, [it would not be] a sin, if he circumambulates them (the original tā' [of yatatawwafa, 'circumambulate'] has been assimilated with the tā'), by pacing quickly (sa'y) between them seven times: this was revealed when the Muslims were averse to this [circumambulation], because the pagan Arabs used to circumambulate them, and there was an idol atop each mountain which they used to stroke. It is reported from Ibn ‘Abbās that this pacing [between the two] is not obligatory, based on the fact that when no sin can be incurred, the context implies free choice. Al-Shāfi’ī and others, however, considered it to be a pillar [of the Pilgrimage rituals]. The Prophet made clear its obligatory aspect when he said that, 'Allahu ta’ālā has prescribed for you the pacing [sa'y]', as reported by al-Bayhaqī and others; and he [the Prophet] also said, 'Begin with what Allahu ta’ālā has begun', meaning, al-Safā, as reported by Muslim; and whoever volunteers (tatawwa'a: a variant reading is yattawa', the ta' here being assimilated) good, that is, any good deed such as circumambulation or other, that is not obligatory on him; Allahu ta’ālā is Grateful, for such a deed and rewards that person for it, Knowing, it.

159

The following was revealed concerning the Jews: Those who conceal, from people, the clear proofs and the guidance that We have revealed, such as the 'stoning' verse and the description of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , after We have shown them clearly in the Scripture, the Torah - they shall be cursed by Allahu ta’ālā, that is, He will move them far away from His mercy, and by the cursers, the angels, believers, or by every single thing, when they supplicate that they be cursed.

160

Except those that repent, turning back from such [deeds], and make amends, in their actions, and show clearly, what they were concealing - them I shall turn [relenting], accepting their repentance; I am the Relenting, the Merciful, to believers.

161

But those who disbelieve, and die disbelieving (wa-hum kuffār, 'they being disbelievers', is a circumstantial qualifier) - upon them shall be the curse of Allahu ta’ālā and the angels, and of people altogether, that is, they deserve such [a curse] in this life and in the next; 'people' here is said to be either [people] in general, or believers.

162

Abiding therein, that is, [in] the curse and the Fire, [the latter] indicated by the following words: the chastisement shall not be lightened for them, [not even for] a blink of an eye, no respite shall be given them, in which to have time to repent or to excuse themselves.

163

When they asked him [Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] to describe his Rabb, the following was revealed: Your God (ilāh), the One deserving of your worship, is god, without any equal in either essence or attribute; there is no god except Him, He is the Compassionate, the Merciful.

164

They then asked for a sign to prove this, and the following was revealed: Surely in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the marvels contained in them, and the alternation of the night and day, passing and returning, increasing and diminishing, and the ships that run in the sea, and do not become cracked and sink, with what profits men, of trade and merchandise, and the water, the rain, Allahu ta’ālā sends down from the heaven with which He revives the earth, with vegetation, after it is dead, after it has dried out, and He scatters abroad in it all manner of crawling thing, by dividing them and spreading them throughout on account of the vegetation, for they thrive on the fertile pastures it produces; and the disposition of the winds, changing it from south to north, from cold to warm, and the clouds compelled, subjugated by Allah’s command, moving to wherever Allahu ta’ālā wishes, between heaven and the earth, without being attached [to either of the two] - surely there are signs, indicating His Oneness, exalted be He, for a people who comprehend, [a people] who contemplate.

165

Yet there be people who take to themselves compeers, idols, besides Allahu ta’ālā, that is, other than Allahu ta’ālā, loving them, by magnifying them and being subservient to them, as Allahu ta’ālā is loved, that is, as their love of Him; but those who believe love Allahu ta’ālā more ardently, than those who love their compeers, because the former never reject Allahu ta’ālā, whereas the latter when faced with hardship soon abandon those [compeers] for Allahu ta’ālā; If he, [if you] O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , were to see those who did evil, by taking to themselves compeers, when (idh here denotes idhā) they see (read either as active [yarawna, 'they see'] or passive [yurawna, 'they are made to see']) the chastisement, you would see a grave sight, that, this is because, the might, the power and the vanquishing, altogether (a circumstantial qualifier) belongs to Allahu ta’ālā, and that Allahu ta’ālā is terrible in chastisement (according to one reading, the person listening [to the verse] governs the verb yarā, 'he sees', and constitutes the subject [of the clause]; according to another [reading], it is the 'evildoers' [who constitute the subject of the clause and govern the verb yarā]; and so it [yarā] has the sense of ya'lam, 'he knows'; the particle an, 'that', and what comes after it have taken the place of the objects in both cases; the response to the [initial conditional] law, 'if', has been omitted). The general meaning [of the verse] then is: 'If they were aware in this world of the severity of Allah’s chastisement and of the fact that power is Allah’s alone, the moment they come to see it with their own eyes, on the Day of Resurrection, they would not take to themselves compeers'.

166

When (idh here substitutes for the previous idh) those who were followed, that is, the leaders, disown their followers, that is to say, [when] they have denied misleading them [the latter], and they have seen the chastisement, and the cords, the bonds of affection and kinship that were between them on earth, are cut away before them, from them (taqatta'at, 'cut away', is a supplement to tabarra'a, 'disown').

167

And those who followed say, 'O, if only we might return again, to the world, and disown them, the ones who had been followed, as they have disowned us!', on this day (the particle law, 'if only', is an optative, and its response is natabarra'a, 'we disown'). So, just as He showed them the severity of His chastisement and their disowning of one another, so too, Allahu ta’ālā shall show them their, evil, works, as, anguish (hasarāt is a circumstantial qualifier), regrets, for them! Never shall they exit from the Fire, once they have entered it.

168

The following was revealed when some said that it was unlawful to take a camel that has been let loose (sawā'ib): O people, eat of what is in the earth, lawful (halālan is a circumstantial qualifier) and wholesome (tayyiban is an adjective for emphasis), that is to say, what is delicious; and follow not the steps, the ways, of Satan, meaning, what he embellishes [of temptations]; he is a manifest foe to you, whose enmity is clear;

169

he only commands you to evil, sin, and indecency, what is abhorred by the Law, and that you should speak against Allahu ta’ālā what you do not know, such as forbidding what He has not forbidden and otherwise.

170

And when it is said to them, the disbelievers, 'Follow what Allahu ta’ālā has revealed', pertaining to affirmation of Allah’s Oneness and the good things that He has made lawful, they say, 'No; but we follow what we found our fathers doing', in the way of idol-worship, deeming unlawful the camel let loose, and [practising] the slitting of the camel's ear (sc. bahīra). Allahu ta’ālā says: What? (the hamza [of a-wa-law] is for repudiation), do they follow them, Even if their fathers do not understand anything, concerning religion, and they were not guided?, to the truth.

171

The likeness, the attribute, of those who disbelieve, and the one who calls them to guidance, is as the likeness of one who shouts to that which hears nothing, save a call and a cry, only a sound, not understanding its meaning: when they listen to an admonition they are like cattle that hear the cry of their shepherd but do not understand what he is saying; they are deaf, dumb, blind - they do not comprehend, any admonition.

172

O you who believe, eat of the good things, that are lawful, wherewith We have provided you, and give thanks to Allahu ta’ālā, for what He has made lawful for you, if it be Him that you worship.

173

He has only forbidden you: carrion, that is, the consumption of it, since this is the subject of the general address here, and similarly [the consumption of] what follows, [all of] which is what has not been slaughtered in accordance with [prescriptions of] the Law; to this the Sunna adds [as also constituting carrion] what has been severed from a living creature. A special status is, however, accorded fish and locusts; blood, poured forth, as in [sūrat] al-An'ām [see Q. 6:145], the flesh of swine, the meat is singled out for mention because that [part] is what people mostly seek, every other [part] being implied thereby; what has been hallowed to other than Allahu ta’ālā, that is to say, what has been slaughtered in other than His Name (al-ihlāl is the raising of one's voice, which they used to do when sacrificing for their gods). Yet whoever is constrained, forced by dire need to eat of the above-mentioned, not desiring, to rebel against Muslims, nor transgressing, committing aggression against them by waylaying them, no sin shall be on him, for eating it. Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, to His friends, Merciful, to those who are obedient to Him, for He has granted them wide berth in this matter. The aggressor and the transgressor are excluded from this [dispensation], and to these two [categories] one should also add every person that sets out on a journey in disobedience, such as the fugitive or the excise collector, for whom it would be unlawful to eat any of the mentioned, unless they repent [of their disobedience]; this is the opinion of Al-Shāfi’ī.

174

Those who conceal what Allahu ta’ālā has revealed of the Scripture, comprising all the descriptions of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , meaning the Jews, and sell it for a little price, in this world, taking this [little price] in its place from the debased ones among them, for fear of losing out if they were to manifest it [sc. the truth of Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" ] - they shall consume nothing in their bellies but the Fire, because that is their journey's end; Allahu ta’ālā shall not speak to them on the Day of Resurrection, out of anger with them, neither purify them, from the filth of sin; and theirs is a painful chastisement, that is, the Fire.

175

Those are they that have bought error at the price of guidance, taking the former in place of the latter in this world, and chastisement at the price of pardon, [the pardon] that would have been prepared for them in the Hereafter, had they not concealed this matter; what makes them so patient for the Fire?, that is, how great is the extent of their patience? This [statement] is intended to provoke amazement in the believers at the way in which they [the disbelievers] commit sins that necessitate their punishment in the Fire with complete indifference. In reality they would have no patience whatever [to endure the Fire].

176

That, which has been mentioned of their eating of the Fire and what follows it, is because Allahu ta’ālā has revealed the Book with the truth, but they are at variance regarding it, believing in parts of it while disbelieving in others, and concealing them; and those that are at variance regarding the Book, concerning this matter, namely, the Jews - although it is said that these are the idolaters some of whom said, with regard to the Qur'ān, that it was poetry, others, that it was sorcery, and others still, that it was divination - are in schism, disagreement, far removed, from the truth.

177

It is not piety, that you turn your faces, in prayer, to the East and to the West. This was revealed in response to the claim made by the Jews and the Christians to this effect. True piety, that is, the pious person (al-birr, is also read al-barr, in the sense of al-bārr ['the dutiful person']) is [that of] the one who believes in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day) and the angels and the Book, that is, the scriptures, and the prophets, and who gives of his substance, however, despite [it being], cherished, by him, to kinsmen and orphans and the needy and the traveller and beggars, and for, the setting free of, slaves, both the captive and the one to be manumitted by contract; and who observes prayer and pays the alms, that are obligatory, and what was [given] before [alms were made obligatory], in the way of charity; and those who fulfil their covenant when they have engaged in a covenant, with Allahu ta’ālā or with others, those who endure with fortitude (al-sābirīna is the accusative of laudation) misfortune (al-ba'sā' is abject poverty), hardship, illness, and peril, at the height of a battle in the way of Allahu ta’ālā; these, described in the way mentioned, are the ones who are truthful, in their faith and in their claims to piety, and these are the ones who are fearful, of Allahu ta’ālā.

178

O you who believe, prescribed, made obligatory, for you is retaliation, on equal terms, regarding the slain, both in the attributes [of the one slain] and in the action involved; a free man, is killed for a free man, and not for a slave; and a slave for a slave, and a female for a female. The Sunna makes it clear that a male may be killed [in retaliation] for a female, and that religious affiliation should be taken into account also, so that a Muslim cannot be killed in return for an disbeliever, even if the former be a slave and the latter a free man. But if anything, of the blood, is pardoned any one, of those who have slain, in relation to his brother, the one slain, so that the retaliation is waived (the use of the indefinite shay'un, 'anything', here implies the waiving of retaliation through a partial pardon by the inheritors [of the slain]; the mention of akhīh ['his brother'] is intended as a conciliatory entreaty to pardon and a declaration that killing should not sever the bonds of religious brotherhood; the particle man, 'any one', is the subject of a conditional or a relative clause, of which the predicate is [the following, fa'ittibā'un]) let the pursuing, that is, the action of the one who has pardoned in pursuing the killer, be honourable, demanding the blood money without force. The fact that the 'pursuing' results from the 'pardoning' implies that one of the two [actions] is a duty, which is one of Al-Shāfi’ī's two opinions here. The other [opinion] is that retaliation is the duty, whereas the blood money is merely compensation [for non-retaliation], so that if one were to pardon but not name his blood money, then nothing [happens]; and this [latter] is the preferred [opinion]. And let the payment, of the blood money by the slayer, to him, the pardoner, that is, the one inheriting [from the slain], be with kindliness, without procrastination or fraud; that, stipulation mentioned here about the possibility of retaliation and the forgoing of this in return for blood money, is an alleviation, a facilitation, given, to you, by your Rabb, and a mercy, for you, for He has given you latitude in this matter and has not categorically demanded that one [of the said options] be followed through, in the way that He made it obligatory for Jews to retaliate and for Christians to [pardon and] accept blood money; and for him who commits aggression, by being unjust towards the killer and slaying him, after that, that is, [after] pardoning - his is a painful chastisement, of the Fire in the Hereafter, or of being killed in this world.

179

In retaliation there is life for you, that is great longevity, O people of pith, possessors of intellect, because if the would-be killer knew that he would be killed [in retaliation], he would refrain [from such action] and would have thereby given life to himself and to the one whom he had intended to kill; and so it [retaliation] was stipulated by the Law, so that you might fear killing, fearing retaliation.

180

Prescribed, made obligatory, for you, when any of you is approached by death, that is, [by] its causes, and leaves behind some good, material possessions, is to make testament (al-wasiyyatu is in the nominative because of kutiba, and is semantically connected to the particle idhā, 'when', if the latter is adverbial; but if this latter is conditional, then it [al-wasiyyatu] indicates the response; the response to the [conditional] particle in, 'if', is, in other words, [implied to be] fa'l-yūsi, 'let him make testament'); in favour of his parents and kinsmen honourably, that is justly, not giving more than the allotted share of a third, nor preferring the richer person - an obligation (haqqan here emphasises the import of what has preceded) on those that fear, Allahu ta’ālā (this verse has been abrogated by the 'inheritance' verse [āyat al-mīrāth, see Q. 4:11] and by the hadīth: 'Do not make testament for one [already] inheriting', as reported by al-Tirmidhī).

181

Then if anyone, whether a witness or a trustee, changes it, that is, the testament, after hearing it, and knowing it, the sin, resulting from the changed testament, shall rest upon those who change it (here the explicit subject stands in place of the implicit one); surely Allahu ta’ālā is Hearing, of the testator's words, Knowing, of the deeds of the trustee, requiting [each] accordingly.

182

But if any one fears injustice, an error, in straying from what is right, or sin, because he has purposely increased the share of a third or specified a rich individual, from one making testament (read mūsī or muwassī), and so makes things right between them, the testator and the trustee, by commanding that justice be done, then no sin shall be upon him, with regard to this matter; surely Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, Merciful.

183

O you who believe, prescribed for you, obligatory [for you], is the Fast, just as it was prescribed for those, communities, that were before you so that you might guard yourselves, against acts of disobedience, for, it [the fast] curbs the desires that prompt these [acts].

184

For days (ayyāman, 'days', is in the accusative as the object of al-siyām, 'the fast', or of an implied yasūmū, 'he fasts') numbered, few or specific in number, that is, those of Ramadān, as will be mentioned below; Allahu ta’ālā has specified a small number as a way of facilitating matters for those under the obligation; and if any of you, during the month, be sick, or be on a journey, in which prayers are shortened, or if one is strained by the fast in both cases and breaks it, then a number of other days, equal to the ones during which he broke his fast - let him fast them instead; and for those who are, not, able to do it, [to fast] on account of old age or chronic illness, a redemption: which is, the feeding of a poor man, with about the same amount one consumes in a given day, that is, one mudd measure of the principal food of that town each day (a variant reading has [genitive] fidyatin as an explicative clause. It is also said that the [lā] negation of the verb [yutīqūnahu] is not actually implied, because at the very beginning of Islam, they could choose between fasting or offering the redemption; but later on this was abrogated by fixing the Fast [as an obligation], where Allahu ta’ālā says, So let those of you, who are present at the month, fast it [Q. 2:185]: Ibn ‘Abbās said [by way of qualification] 'Except for the pregnant one and the one breastfeeding, if they break their fast out of concern for the child; in the case of these two, the verse remains valid and has not been abrogated'). For him who volunteers good, by offering more than the minimum amount mentioned for the redemption; that, volunteering, is good for him; but that you should fast (wa-an tasūmū is the subject) is better for you (khayrun lakum is its predicate), than breaking the fast and paying the redemption, if you but knew, that this is better for you, then do it.

185

These days of, the month of Ramadān, wherein the Qur'ān was revealed, from the Preserved Tablet to the earthly heaven on the Night of Ordainment [laylat al-qadr] from Him, a guidance (hudan, 'a guidance', is a circumstantial qualifier), guiding away from error, for the people, and as clear proofs, lucid verses, of the Guidance, the rulings that guide to truth, and, of, the Criterion, that discriminates between truth and falsehood; So let those of you, who are present at the month, fast it and if any of you be sick, or if he be on a journey, then a number of other days (this [concession] has already been mentioned, but it is repeated here to avoid the mistaken impression that it has been abrogated by the comprehensive implication of man shahida, 'who are present'). Allahu ta’ālā desires ease for you, and desires not hardship for you, and for this reason He has permitted you the breaking of the fast during illness or travel, [this ease being] the very reason He has commanded you to fast; He supplements [the previous statement with]: and that you fulfil (read tukmilū or tukammilū) the number, of the fasting days of Ramadān, and magnify Allahu ta’ālā, when you have completed them, for having guided you, for having directed you to the principal rites of His religion, and that you might be thankful, to Allahu ta’ālā for this.

186

A group of followers of the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" asked him, 'Is our Rabb nearby so that we should talk to Him secretly, or is He far away, so that we should call out to him?', and the following was revealed: And when My servants question you concerning Me - I am near, to them in My knowledge, and he informed them of this; I answer the call of the caller, by granting him his request, when he calls to Me; so let them respond to Me, My call to them to be obedient, and let them believe, [let them] persevere in faith, in Me that they might go aright, [that] they [might] become guided.

187

Permitted to you, upon the night of the Fast, is to go in to your wives, in sexual intercourse: this was revealed as an abrogation of its unlawfulness during the earliest phase of Islam, as well as [an abrogation of] the unlawfulness of eating and drinking after the night prayer; they are a vestment for you, and you are a vestment for them (a metaphor for their embraces or their need for one another); Allahu ta’ālā knows that you have been betraying yourselves, by having sexual intercourse on the eve of the fast: this happened with ‘Umar [b. al-Khattāb] and others, and they apologised to the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , and so He has turned to you [relenting], before you even turned in repentance, and He has pardoned you. So now, when it is permitted to you, lie with them, in sexual intercourse, and seek what Allahu ta’ālā has prescribed for you, of sexual intercourse or what it produces of offspring; and eat and drink, [at any time] during the night, until the white thread is distinct, to you, from the black thread at daybreak, that is, the true [moment of daybreak], which explains the white thread, while the explanation of the black thread, namely, the night, has been left out. The whiteness and the darkness of the dawn [twilight] are likened to two black and white threads in the way they stretch out; then complete the fast, from daybreak, to the night, that is, until it arrives, after the setting of the sun; and do not lie with them, your women, while you cleave to the mosques in devotion [to Allahu ta’ālā], while you are residing [therein] with the intention of [performing] i'tikāf ('spiritual retreat'). This was a prohibition pertaining to one who used to leave [the mosque], whilst in a state of i'tikāf, have sexual intercourse with his wife, and then return. Those, rulings mentioned, are Allah’s bounds, delimited by Allahu ta’ālā for His servants so that they do not overstep them; do not approach them (lā taqrabūhā, is more intense than lā ta'taddūhā, 'Do not overstep', used in verses elsewhere). So, just as He makes clear to you what has been mentioned, Allahu ta’ālā makes clear His signs to people so that they might fear [disobeying] His prohibitions.

188

Consume not your goods between you, that is to say, do not let one consume the goods of the other, in deception, that which is illicit according to the Law, such as theft and extortion; and, do not, proffer them, the regulation of these [goods] or any bribes, to the judges, that you may consume, as a result of any arbitration, a portion of other people's goods, embroiled, in sin while you are aware, that you are in error.

189

They will ask you, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , about the new moons (ahilla, plural of hilāl): 'Why do they seem very thin, and then wax until they are full of light, and then wane again as at the first, and are not always the same, in the way that the sun is?' Say, to them, 'They are appointed times (mawāqīt is the plural of mīqāt) for the people, for them to know the times for sowing the land, for business, for their women's waiting periods, their fast and their breaking it, and the Pilgrimage (wa'l-hajji and the Pilgrimage', is a supplement to li'l-nāsi, 'for the people'), that is to say, [appointed times] by which its season is known, for if they [the new moons] always looked the same, none of these things could be known. It is not piety to come to the houses from their backs, in [your] state of pilgrimage inviolability (ihrām), when you would bore holes in them to enter them and then exit, disregarding their doors; they used to do this and claim that it was out of piety; but piety is to fear, Allahu ta’ālā by not contravening His commands; so come to the houses by their doors, when in a state of pilgrimage inviolability, and fear Allahu ta’ālā, that you may prosper, [that you may] triumph.

190

After the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" was prevented from [visiting] the House in the year of the battle of Hudaybiyya, he made a pact with the disbelievers that he would be allowed to return the following year, at which time they would vacate Mecca for three days. Having prepared to depart for the Visitation ['umra], [he and] the believers were concerned that Quraysh would not keep to the agreement and instigate fighting. The Muslims were averse to becoming engaged in fighting while in a state of pilgrimage inviolability in the Sacred Enclosure [al-haram] and during the sacred months, and so the following was revealed: And fight in the way of Allahu ta’ālā, to elevate His religion, with those who fight against you, the disbelievers, but aggress not, against them by initiating the fighting; Allahu ta’ālā loves not the aggressors, the ones that overstep the bounds which Allahu ta’ālā has set for them: this stipulation was abrogated by the verse of barā'a, 'immunity' [Q. 9:1], or by His saying [below]:

191

And slay them wherever you come upon them, and expel them from where they expelled you, that is, from Mecca, and this was done after the Conquest of Mecca; sedition, their idolatry, is more grievous, more serious, than slaying, them in the Sacred Enclosure or while in a state of pilgrimage inviolability, the thing that you greatly feared. But fight them not by the Sacred Mosque, that is, in the Sacred Enclosure, until they should fight you there; then if they fight you, there, slay them, there (a variant reading drops the alif in the three verbs [sc. wa-lā taqtilūhum, hattā yaqtulūkum, fa-in qatalūkum, so that the sense is 'slaying' in all three, and not just 'fighting']) - such, killing and expulsion, is the requital of disbelievers.

192

But if they desist, from unbelief and become Muslims, surely Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, Merciful, to them.

193

Fight them till there is no sedition, no idolatry, and the religion, all worship, is for Allahu ta’ālā, alone and none are worshipped apart from Him; then if they desist, from idolatry, do not aggress against them. This is indicated by the following words, there shall be no enmity, no aggression through slaying or otherwise, save against evildoers. Those that desist, however, are not evildoers and should not be shown any enmity.

194

The sacred month, in return, for the sacred month, therefore, just as they fight you during it, kill them during it: a response to the Muslims' consideration of the momentous nature of this matter; holy things (hurumāt, plural of hurma, is what must be treated as sacrosanct) demand retaliation, in kind if these [holy things] are violated; whoever commits aggression against you, through fighting in the Sacred Enclosure, or during a state of ritual purity or in the sacred months, then commit aggression against him in the manner that he committed against you, the [Muslim] response is also referred to as 'aggression', because that is what it resembles formally; and fear Allahu ta’ālā, when avenging yourselves and [by] renouncing aggression, and know that Allahu ta’ālā is with the Allahu ta’ālā-fearing, helping and assisting [them].

195

And spend in the way of Allahu ta’ālā, in obedience to Him, in holy struggle and the like; and cast not your own hands, yourselves (the bā' of bi-aydīkum 'with your hands' is extra) into destruction, by withholding funds needed for the struggle or abandoning it altogether, because this will give your enemy the advantage over you; but be virtuous, by spending etc.; Allahu ta’ālā loves the virtuous, that is, He rewards them.

196

Fulfil the Pilgrimage and the 'umra (Visitation) to Allahu ta’ālā, by completing them according to their due; but if you are prevented, from fulfilling them by an enemy, then [give] such offering as may be feasible, for you - a sheep - and do not shave your heads, that is, do not release yourselves from the state of pilgrimage inviolability, until the offering, mentioned, reaches its place, its place of sacrifice, that is, within the enclosure, according to Al-Shāfi’ī; the sacrifice is then made with the intention of releasing oneself from the state of pilgrimage inviolability, and is divided among the needy, after which the head is shaved and the release is effected. If any of you is sick, or has an ailment of the head, such as lice or severe pains, and has thus shaved his head while in a state of pilgrimage inviolability, then, incumbent upon him is, a redemption by fast, for three days, or a voluntary almsgiving, consisting of three cubic measures of the principal food of the town for six needy persons, or a ritual sacrifice, that is, the slaughter of a sheep (aw, 'or', denotes freedom of choice). To this [last] has been added the [case of the] one who shaves his head without excuse because the requirement of redemption is most obvious in his case; but also [it is required in the case of] one that enjoys, without shaving, such things as scents, attire, or oils, be it with an excuse or without. When you are secure, knowing that the enemy has gone or is not present, then whoever enjoys the 'umra (Visitation), having completed it and observed its ritual prohibitions, until the Pilgrimage, until he enters its ritual inviolability in the relevant months; let his offering be such as is feasible, for him, such as a sheep that he sacrifices after entering into the state of pilgrimage inviolability, ideally, on the Day of Sacrifice; or if he finds none, because there are none available, or because he does not have sufficient funds, then, incumbent upon him is, a fast of three days in the Pilgrimage, that is to say, in a state of pilgrimage inviolability. In such a case, he should enter into the state of pilgrimage inviolability before the seventh of Dhū'l-Hijja, but ideally before the sixth, because one is discouraged from fasting on the Day of 'Arafa.

  Moreover, he should not fast during these the days of tashrīq, according to the sounder of two opinions attributed to al-Shāfi‘ī. And of seven when you return, to your domicile, [be it] Mecca or any other; or when you have completed the rites of the Pilgrimage’ (there is a shift from the third [to the second] person); that is a full ten (this sentence reaffirms what has just been said); that, mentioned stipulation regarding the incumbency of the offering or the fast upon the person that has enjoyed [the Visitation], is for him whose family are not present at the Sacred Mosque, so that they are not within 50 miles of the Sacred Enclosure, according to al-Shāfi‘ī. If they are [present however], then no blood [sacrifice] or fast is obligatory in his case, even if he has enjoyed [the Visitation]. The mention of ‘family’ is intended as a notification of the proviso in the case of being ‘domiciled’ [in the vicinity of the Sacred Mosque]. If one were to take up [temporary] residence, but not be domiciled, before the months of the Pilgrimage and enjoy the Visitation, then that [fast or sacrifice] will be incumbent upon him; this is one of two opinions of al-Shāfi‘ī, the other being that it is not [incumbent]. The term ahl, ‘family’, is said to denote ‘oneself’. In the Sunna, in addition to the one that enjoys the Visitation, as mentioned, there is also the one that enters into the state of pilgrimage inviolability for both the Visitation and the Pilgrimage together [sc. qārin, ‘one who combines’] or in the case where the Pilgrimage encroaches upon [a Visitation], but before circumambulation [has been performed]. And fear Allahu ta’ālā, in what He commands you and prohibits you; and know that Allahu ta’ālā is severe in retribution, against whoever opposes Him.

197

The Pilgrimage, the time for it, is in months well-known: Shawwāl, Dhū'l-Qa'da and ten nights, some say all, of Dhū'l Hijja; whoever undertakes, upon himself, the duty of Pilgrimage during them, by entering into the state of pilgrimage inviolability, then no lewdness, [no] sexual intercourse for them, nor wickedness, [nor] acts of disobedience, or disputing, [or] quarrelling, in the Pilgrimage (a variant reading [for fa-lā rafathun wa-lā fusūqun wa-lā jidāla] has the accusative for all three nouns [sc. fa-lā rafatha wa-lā fusūqa wa-lā jidāla]; prohibition is meant in all three cases). Whatever good you do, by way of voluntary almsgiving, Allahu ta’ālā knows it, and will reward you for it. And take provision, to suffice you your journey: this was revealed regarding the people of Yemen, who use to make the Pilgrimage and not take any provisions with them, thus, becoming a burden for others. But the best provision is piety [taqwā, 'piety', literally 'guarding'] with which you are able to guard against asking others [for things]; and fear you Me, O people of pith!, [O] possessors of intellect.

198

You would not be at fault if you should seek bounty, sustenance, from your Rabb, by engaging in commerce at the Pilgrimage: this was revealed in response to their aversion to such an idea; but when you press on, push on, from 'Arafāt, having stood [in prayer] upon it, then remember Allahu ta’ālā, after the overnight stay at Muzdalifa, by repeating the talbiya [sc. labbayk Allāhummā labbayk, 'at thy service, O Allahu ta’ālā, at thy service'], the tahlīl [lā ilāha illāllāh, 'no god but Allahu ta’ālā'] and making supplications at the Sacred Waymark, a mountain at the end of Muzdalifa, called Quzah. In one hadīth, the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" stood there remembering Allahu ta’ālā and supplicating until his face began to glow brightly, according to Muslim; and remember Him as He has guided you, to the principal rites of His religion and the rituals of His Pilgrimage (the kāf of ka-mā, 'as', is the particle denoting the reason), though previously, before His guidance, you were astray.

199

Then (thumma denotes the sequence intended) press on, O Quraysh, from where the people press on, that is, from 'Arafa, by standing there together with them (for, they used to stand at Muzdalifa, disdaining to stand with other people); and seek Allah’s forgiveness, for your sins; Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, Merciful, to the believers.

200

And when you have performed, and completed, your holy rites, that is, the devotions pertaining to your pilgrimage, having cast [stones] at the Jamrat al-'Aqaba, performed the circumambulation and stopped at Minā, remember Allahu ta’ālā, by extolling Him and repeating the takbīr [saying Allāhu akbar, 'Allahu ta’ālā is Great'], as you remember your fathers, as you used to remember them and boast about them at the end of your pilgrimage, or yet more intensely, than your remembrance of them (ashadda is in the accusative because it is a circumstantial qualifier referring to dhikr 'remembrance', which itself is in the accusative as the object of udhkurū, 'remember', because had it come after it, it would have functioned as an adjectival phrase). There are some people who say, 'Our Rabb, give to us, our lot, in this world', and they are given it; such people will have no part, no lot, in the Hereafter.

201

And there are others who say, 'Our Rabb, give to us in this world good, a grace, and good, Paradise, in the Hereafter, and guard us against the chastisement of the Fire', by not making us enter it. This [former statement] depicts the manner of the idolaters, while [the latter] the way of the believers, and is intended to encourage [people] to petition for good in both abodes, for which one is promised a reward, as He says:

202

Those - they shall have a portion, a reward, from, as a result of, what they have earned, the deeds they have performed, such as Pilgrimage and supplication; and Allahu ta’ālā is swift at reckoning, reckoning with the whole of creation in half a day of this world, as one hadīth states.

203

And remember Allahu ta’ālā, by making takbīr [saying Allāhu akbar, 'Allahu ta’ālā is Great'] while you cast your stones at the Jamarāt, during certain days numbered, the three days of tashrīq. If any man hastens on, his departure from Minā, in two days, that is, on the second day of tashrīq after he has cast his stones, that, hastening, is no sin for him; and if he delays, such that he stays until the third night and cast his stones, it is not a sin for him: that is, they have the choice of either, for the sin has been precluded in both cases; if he fears Allahu ta’ālā during his pilgrimage - for such [a person] is truly a pilgrim - and fear Allahu ta’ālā, and know that to Him you shall be gathered, in the Hereafter, that He may requite you for your deeds.

204

And among people there is he whose speech in the life of this world pleases you, but it would not please you in the Hereafter because it contradicts what he actually used to believe; and who calls on Allahu ta’ālā to witness what is in his heart, as being in accordance with what he says; yet he is most stubborn in dispute, with you and your followers on account of his enmity towards you: this was al-Akhnas b. Sharīq, a hypocrite who spoke kindly in the presence of the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , swearing that he believed in him and that he loved him, and frequently sitting with him. Allahu ta’ālā then revealed his mendacity in this matter. On one occasion he passed by some crops and livestock that belonged to the Muslims and later that night he set fire to them [the crops] and slaughtered them [the livestock]. Allahu ta’ālā, moreover, says:

205

And when he turns his back, leaving you behind, he hastens, he walks, about the earth to do corruption there and to destroy the tillage and the stock (these [last two actions] are included in such 'corruption'); and Allahu ta’ālā loves not corruption, that is to say, it does not please Him.

206

And when it is said to him, 'Fear Allahu ta’ālā', in your actions, he is seized by vainglory, pride and rage, in his sin, the one he was commanded to avoid committing. So Hell shall be enough, [it] suffices, for him - how evil a cradling, a resting place it is!

207

But there are other men who sell themselves, expend themselves in obedience to Allahu ta’ālā, desiring Allah’s pleasure: this was Suhayb [b. Sinān al-Rūmī], who emigrated to Medina when the idolaters began to persecute him, leaving them all his property; and Allahu ta’ālā is Gentle with His servants, for He guides them to what pleases Him.

208

The following verse was revealed regarding 'Abd Allāh b. Salām and his companions, who after converting to Islam still observed the Sabbath with reverence and were averse to [the consumption of] camels: O you who believe, come, all of you, into submission (read al-salm or al-silm), that is, Islam; kāffatan is a circumstantial qualifier referring to al-silm, meaning, into all of its precepts; and follow not the steps, the ways, of Satan, that is, his temptations to you by way of creating divisions; he is a manifest foe to you, one whose enmity is obvious.

209

But if you slip, and incline away from implementing all of its precepts, after the clear proofs, the lucid arguments, have come to you, to the effect that this is the truth, know then that Allahu ta’ālā is Mighty, and nothing can prevent Him from taking His vengeance against you; Wise, in His actions.

210

What do they, those that fail to enter into it [sc. Islam] completely, wait for, await, that Allahu ta’ālā shall come to them, that is, His Command; this is similar to where Allahu ta’ālā says, or that Allah’s command should come to pass [Q. 16:33], meaning His chastisement, in the shadows (zulal, plural of zulla) of clouds, and the angels? The matter is determined, the matter of their destruction has been completed, and to Allahu ta’ālā all matters are returned, in the Hereafter, where He will requite each according to his deeds (read passive [turja'u al-umūr, 'matters are returned'] or active [tarji'u al-umūr, 'matters return']).

211

Ask, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , the Children of Israel, by way of rebuke, how many a clear proof, manifest ones such as the parting of the sea, and the sending down of manna and quails, which they exchanged for unbelief, did We give them (kam, 'how many', is the interrogative particle linking the second object of the verb sal, 'ask', and is also the second object of the verb ātaynā, 'We gave', and its specifier); whoever changes Allah’s grace, that is, what Allahu ta’ālā has blessed him with in the way of signs, for these constitute the causes of guidance, after it has come to him, out of unbelief, Allahu ta’ālā is severe in retribution against him.

212

Decked out fair to the disbelievers, of Mecca, is the life of this world, in disguise and they have fallen in love with it; and they deride the believers, on account of their poverty, the likes of Bilāl [al-Habashī], 'Ammār [b. Yāsir], and Suhayb [al-Rūmī], mocking them and treating them condescendingly with their wealth; but those who fear idolatry, namely, those mentioned, shall be above them on the Day of Resurrection; and Allahu ta’ālā sustains whomever He will without reckoning, with ample sustenance in the Hereafter or in this world, when He gives to those that were mocked possession of the property and lives of those that mocked them.

213

People were one community, in faith, but they fell into disagreement, and some believed, while others disbelieved; then Allahu ta’ālā sent forth the prophets, to them, as bearers of good tidings, of Paradise for the believers, and warners, of the Fire for the disbelievers; and He revealed with them the Scripture, meaning, the Books, with the truth (bi'l-haqqi, 'with the truth', is semantically connected to anzala, 'He revealed') that He might decide, according to it, between people regarding their differences, in religion; and only those who had been given it, the Scripture, so that some believed while others disbelieved, differed about it, [about] religion, after the clear proofs, the manifest arguments for Allah’s Oneness, had come to them (min [of min ba'di, 'after'] is semantically connected to ikhtalafa, 'they differed', and together with what follows should be understood as coming before the exception [illā lladhīna, 'only those']); out of insolence, on the part of the disbelievers, one to another; then Allahu ta’ālā guided those who believed to the truth, regarding which (min [of min al-haqqi, 'of the truth'] here is explicative) they were at variance, by His leave, by His will; and Allahu ta’ālā guides, with His guidance, whomever He will to a straight path, the path of truth.

214

The following was revealed after the Muslims suffered a trying experience: Or did you suppose that you should enter Paradise without there having come upon you the like of, what came upon, those, believers, who passed away before you?, of trials, so that you may endure as they did; a new sentence begins here, explaining the previous one: They were afflicted by misery, extreme poverty, and hardship, illness, and were so convulsed, by all types of tribulations, that the Messenger (rasūl) and those who believed with him said (read yaqūla or yaqūlu), not expecting to see any help, on account of the extreme hardship afflicting them, 'When will Allah’s help come?', [the help] which we were promised; and Allahu ta’ālā responded to them: Ah, but surely Allah’s help is nigh, in coming.

215

They will ask you, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , about what they should expend. This was the question posed by 'Amr b. al-Jamūh. He was a wealthy elderly man and went to ask the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" what and for whom he should expend; Say, to them, 'Whatever you expend of good (min khayrin, 'of good', is an explication of mā, 'whatever', covering small and large amounts, and denotes one half of the question represented by the expender; Allahu ta’ālā responds with regard to the one receiving the expenditure, this pertaining to the other half of the question, in the following) it is for parents and kinsmen, orphans, the needy, and the traveller, that is, they are the most deserving of it; and whatever good you may do, by way of expending or otherwise, Allahu ta’ālā has knowledge of it', and will requite it accordingly.

216

Prescribed for you, obligatory [for you], is fighting, disbelievers, though it be hateful to you, by nature, because of the hardship involved. Yet it may happen that you hate a thing which is good for you; and it may happen that you love a thing which is bad for you: because the soul inclines towards those desires which result in its destruction and its rejection of the religious obligations that would bring about its happiness. Perhaps, then, even if you are averse to it, you will find much good in fighting, as a result of victory, booty, martyrdom or reward; while, if you were to reject fighting, even if you would like to do so, you will find much evil, because then you may be subjugated, impoverished and denied the reward; Allahu ta’ālā knows, what is good for you, and you know, this, not, so strive in what He commands you.

217

Thus the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" sent forth the first of his raiding parties under the command of 'Abd Allāh b. Jahsh. They fought against the idolaters and killed ['Amr b. 'Abd Allāh] Ibn al-Hadramī in [the sacred month of] Rajab, thinking that it was al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day) of Jumādā II. The disbelievers reviled them for making fighting lawful in a sacred month, and so Allahu ta’ālā revealed the following: They ask you about the sacred, the forbidden, month, and fighting in it (qitālin fīhi, 'fighting in it', is an inclusive substitution [for al-shahri l-harāmi, 'the sacred month']). Say, to them, 'Fighting (qitālun is the subject) in it is a grave thing (kabīr, 'grave', is the predicate), that is, heinous in terms of sin; but to bar (saddun is the subject), people, from Allah’s way, His religion, and disbelief in Him, in Allahu ta’ālā, and, to bar from, the Sacred Mosque, that is, Mecca, and to expel its people, the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" and the believers, from it - that is graver (the predicate of the [last] subject), [that is] more heinous in terms of sin than fighting in it, in Allah’s sight; and sedition, your idolatry, is graver than, your, slaying', in it. They, the disbelievers, will not cease to fight against you, O believers, until, so that, they turn you from your religion, to unbelief, if they are able; and whoever of you turns from his religion, and dies disbelieving - their, good, works have failed, that is, they are invalid, in this world and the Hereafter. Thus they will not count for anything and will not result in any reward. The specification of death as a condition is because if that person were to return to Islam [again], his original deeds would not be invalidated, and he will be rewarded for them, and he would not have to repeat them, [deeds] such as [performing] the Pilgrimage: Al-Shāfi’ī is of this opinion. Those are the inhabitants of the Fire, abiding therein.

218

When those of the raiding party [of 'Abd Allāh b. Jahsh] thought that, although they had been released from the sin [of having slain in the sacred month], they would not receive any reward, the following was revealed: Verily the believers, and those who emigrate, and depart from their homeland, and struggle in Allah’s way, in order to elevate His religion - those have hope of Allah’s compassion, His reward; and Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, of believers, Merciful, to them.

219

They ask you about wine, and divinatory arrows, gambling, and what the ruling is regarding them. Say, to them, 'In both, that is, in the partaking of both, is great sin (a variant reading [for kabīr, 'great'] has kathīr, 'much') because of the fighting, cursing and swearing that ensue from it; and profit for men, by way of delight and enjoyment in wine, and acquiring money effortlessly from gambling; but the sin in them, that is, the degenerate behaviour in which they result, is greater, graver, than the usefulness'. When this verse was revealed, some gave up drinking, while others persisted, until the verse of sūrat al-Mā'ida [Q. 5:90-91] finally made it illicit. And they will ask you what, that is to say, how much, they should expend. Say, expend, 'Comfortably' (al-'afwa [in the accusative] is also read in the nominative, al-'afwu, implying a preceding huwa), that is, the surplus of your need, and do not expend what you need, ruining yourselves. So, just as He explained to you what has been mentioned, Allahu ta’ālā makes clear His signs to you that you might reflect,

220

on, the matters of, this world and the Hereafter, and follow what is best for you in both. They will ask you about orphans, and the distress their affair caused them, for, if they became intimate with them, they may slip into error, but if they put aside the money due to them and prepare their meals for them separately, this would distress them. Say: 'To set their affairs aright, in terms of their funds, by looking after it, and your mingling with them, is better', than you not doing this; and if you intermix with them, your funds and theirs, they are your brothers, in religion and it is only natural for one to intermix his affair with his brother, so you do too; Allahu ta’ālā knows well him who works corruption, in their property when he intermixes with them, from him who sets, it, aright, and Allahu ta’ālā will requite both; and had He willed He would have harassed you, and made it difficult for you by prohibiting you from intermixing with them. Surely Allahu ta’ālā is Azīz (Mighty), victorious in His affair, Hakīm (Wise), in His actions.

221

O Muslims, Do not marry idolatresses, disbelievers, until they believe; a believing slavegirl is better than an idolatress, who may be a free woman; this was revealed as a rebuttal of the idea that it was shameful to marry a slavegirl and that it was better to marry an idolatress free woman; though you may admire her, because of her beauty and wealth: this provision excludes the womenfolk of the People of the Scripture (as indicated by the verse [Q. 5:5], [lawful to you] are the chaste women among those who were given the Scripture). And do not marry, off believing women to, idolaters, until they believe. A believing slave is better than an idolater, though you may admire him, for his wealth and good looks. Those, the people of idolatry, call to the Fire, because they invite one to perform deeds that merit this, and for this reason one should not marry with them; and Allahu ta’ālā calls, through the voice of His prophets, to Paradise and pardon, that is, to the deeds that merit these two, by His leave, by His will, so that His call may be heeded by marrying with His friends; and He makes clear His signs to the people so that they might remember, [that] they [might] be admonished.

222

They will ask you about the monthly period, that is, menstruation and the spot in which it occurs, and how should one treat women during it. Say: 'It is an ailment, filth, or the place whence it issues is so; so part with women, refrain from sexual intercourse with them, in the monthly period, in this time, or in the part affected; and do not approach them, for sexual intercourse, until they are pure (yathurna, or yattahharna: the original tā' [of yatatahharna] has been assimilated with the tā'), that is, until they have cleansed themselves after its cessation; when they have cleansed themselves, then come to them, in sexual intercourse, as Allahu ta’ālā has commanded you', by avoiding it, the female organ, during menstruation and not resorting to any other part. Truly, Allahu ta’ālā loves, that is, He rewards and honours, those who repent, of sins, and He loves those who cleanse themselves, from impurities.

223

Your women are a tillage for you, that is, the place where you sow [the seeds of] your children; so come to your tillage, that is, the specified place, the front part, as, in whichever way, you wish, whether standing up, sitting down, lying down, from the front or the back: this was revealed in response to the Jews saying that if a person had vaginal intercourse with his wife from behind, the child would be born cross-eyed; and offer for your souls, righteous deeds, such as saying, 'In the name of Allahu ta’ālā' (bismillāh) when you commence intercourse; and fear Allahu ta’ālā, in what He commands and prohibits; and know that you shall meet Him, at the Resurrection, where He will requite you according to your deeds; and give good tidings, of Paradise, to the believers, who feared Him.

224

Do not make Allahu ta’ālā, by swearing in His Name, a hindrance, a cause of impediment, in your oaths, that is, setting up [such impediments] by swearing in His Name frequently, so as not, to be pious and Allahu ta’ālā-fearing; in such instances oaths are hateful, and result in perjury, which requires a redemption, effected by doing the opposite [of the oath], such as performing righteous deeds and so forth, which constitute an act of obedience; and to put things right between people: this means, do not be prevented from doing righteous deeds, as mentioned, just because you swore against them; nay, do them and make redemption; [this understanding of the verse is] justified by the reason for its revelation, namely, their refraining from such deeds; surely Allahu ta’ālā is All-Hearing, of what you say, Knower, of your circumstances.

225

Allahu ta’ālā will not take you to task for a slip, that results, in your oaths, which is what the tongue utters spontaneously and unintentionally, such as 'By Allahu ta’ālā', 'Indeed, by Allahu ta’ālā': in such instances there is no sin and no redemption required; but He will take you to task for what your hearts have earned, what their intention is, when you commit perjury in your oaths; and Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, of slips [in your oaths], Forbearing, since He delays the punishment of the one deserving it.

226

For those who forswear their women, by swearing that they will not have sexual intercourse with them, a wait of four months; if they revert, back from the oath, or repeal it and resume sexual relations, Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, of the harm they caused their women by swearing, Merciful, to them.

227

But if they resolve upon divorce, by not repealing it, then let them go through with it; surely Allahu ta’ālā is Hearing, of what they say; Knowing, of their resolve, meaning that after the waiting period mentioned, they can only revert or divorce.

228

Divorced women shall wait by themselves, before remarrying, for three periods (qurū'in is the plural of qar'), of purity or menstruation - these are two different opinions - which begin from the moment of divorce. This [stipulation] applies to those who have been sexually penetrated but not to those otherwise, on account of His saying, there shall be no [waiting] period for you to reckon against them [Q. 33:49]. The waiting period for immature or menopausal women is three months; pregnant women, on the other hand, must wait until they give birth, as stated in the sūrat al-Talāq [Q. 65:4], while slavegirls must wait two months, according to the Sunna. And it is not lawful for them to hide what Allahu ta’ālā has created in their wombs, of child or menstruation, if they believe in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day). Their mates, their spouses, have a better right to restore them, to bring them back, even if they refuse, in such time, that is, during the waiting period, if they desire to set things right, between them, and put pressure on the woman [to return]; the statement is not a condition for the possibility of return, but an incitement [to set things right] in the case of repealed divorce; the term ahaqq, 'better right to', does not denote any priority, since, in any case, no other person has the right to marry them during their waiting period; women shall have rights, due from their spouses, similar to those, rights, due from them, with justice, as stipulated by the Law, in the way of kind conjugality and not being harmed; but their men have a degree above them, in rights, as in their duty to obey their husbands, because of their [the husbands'] payment of a dowry and their [husbands] being the bread-winners; Allahu ta’ālā is Mighty, in His mulk (reign), hakīmun (wise), in what He has ordained for His creatures.

229

Divorce, that is, repudiation of the type that may be revoked, is twice; then honourable retention, that is to say, you are then obliged to revert to them to retain them, without harming them; or setting, them, free kindly. It is not lawful for you, O male spouses, to take of what you have given them, of dowry, if you divorce them, unless the, married, couple fear that they may not maintain Allah’s bounds, that is to say, that they will not honour the rights Allahu ta’ālā has established for them (a variant reading [for yakhāfā, 'they (dual form) fear'] has yukhāfā, with the direct object taking the accusative ending; allā yuqīmā is an inclusive substitution for the person [governing the verb]; both verbs are also read in the second person [sc. takhāfā, 'you fear', tuqīmā, 'you maintain']). If you fear they may not maintain Allah’s bounds, neither of them would be at fault if she were to ransom herself, of some money, so that he should divorce her. In other words, in this instance, there is no culpability either for the man, should he take of the dowry, or for the woman, should she offer of it. Those, prescriptions mentioned, are Allah’s bounds; do not transgress them. Whoever transgresses Allah’s bounds - those are the evildoers.

230

If he, the husband, divorces her, after the two utterances [of divorce]; she shall not be lawful to him after that, after the third [utterance of] divorce, until she marries another husband, who has sexual intercourse with her, as reported by the two Shaykhs [Bukhārī and Muslim]. If he, the second husband, divorces her, then neither of them would be at fault, that is, the woman and her first husband, to return to each other, in wedlock, after the completion of the waiting period, if they think that they will maintain Allah’s bounds. Those, matters mentioned, are Allah’s bounds, which He makes clear to a people who have knowledge, [a people who] reflect.

231

When you divorce women, and they have, very nearly, reached, the end of, their term, then retain them, by returning to them, honourably, not harming them, or set them free honourably, or leave them until their term is completed; do not retain them, when reverting, in harm (dirāran is an object denoting reason), to transgress, that is, so as to force them to redemption, or to repudiate them or confine them indoors for a long time; whoever does that has wronged his soul, by exposing it to Allah’s chastisement; take not Allah’s verses in mockery, in jest by contravening them, and remember Allah’s grace upon you, that is, Islam, and the Book, the Qur'ān, and the wisdom, the rulings contained therein, He has revealed to you, to exhort you therewith, so that you should give thanks by acting in accordance with it; and fear Allahu ta’ālā, and know that Allahu ta’ālā has knowledge of all things, and nothing can be hidden from Him.

232

When you divorce women, and they have reached, completed, their term, of waiting, do not debar them - addressing the guardians here - from marrying their, divorced, husbands when they, the male spouses and their women, have agreed together honourably, in accordance with the Law. The occasion for the revelation [of this verse] was: Ma'qil b. Yasār's sister was divorced by her husband, who then wanted to restore her, but Ma'qil refused, as reported by al-Hākim. That, the prohibition against debarring, is an admonition for whoever of you believe in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day), because it is for the benefit of such a person; that, refraining from debarring, is purer for you, better, and cleaner, for you and for them, bearing in mind the suspicion that can be aroused by the couple on account of prior intimacy. Allahu ta’ālā knows, what is in your interest, and you know not, any of this, so follow His commands.

233

Mothers, shall, suckle their children for two full years (kāmilayn, 'two full ones', is an adjective for emphasis); this is, for such as desire to fulfil the suckling, and this is the maximum length of time. It is for the father to provide, food for, them, the mothers, and clothe them, during the suckling if they be divorced, honourably, to the best of his ability. No soul is charged save to its capacity, its ability; a mother shall not be harmed by her child, that is, on account of the child, by being forced to suckle it, if she does not want to; neither, should, a father, be harmed, by his child, that is, on account of it, by being charged with more than he is able to bear. The mention of both parents here in relation to the child is intended to show sympathy [for both]. The heir, the one inheriting from his father, that is, the young man who is the trustee of his [father's] property, has a similar duty, to that of the father in terms of providing sustenance and clothing for the [other] parent. But if the two, parents, desire by mutual consent, agreement, and consultation, so that the child's best interests are clear, to wean, that is, to effect ablactation before the completion of the two-year period, then they would not be at fault, in this matter. And if you (addressing the parents) desire to seek nursing, from other than the mothers, for your children, you would not be at fault, in this respect, provided you hand over, to them, what you have given, what you intend to give them in the way of wages, honourably, in kindness and good nature; and fear Allahu ta’ālā, and know that Allahu ta’ālā sees what you do, and that nothing of it can be hidden from Him.

234

And those of you who pass away, die, leaving, behind, wives, they shall wait by themselves, after their death, refraining from marriage, for four months and ten, nights: this applies to women who are not pregnant. The waiting period in the case of pregnant women is for them to give birth - as stated by a verse in sūrat al-Talāq [Q. 65:4]. The slavegirl must wait for half this period [of four months] according to the Sunna; when they have reached, completed, their term, of waiting, then you would not be at fault, O guardians, regarding what they may do with themselves, in the way of adorning themselves and offering themselves before suitors, honourably, in accordance with the Law; Allahu ta’ālā is aware of what you do, both secretly and openly.

235

You would not be at fault regarding the proposal, with the intention of marriage, you present, offer, or hide in your hearts, during the waiting period, to women, whose spouses have died: such as men saying, 'How beautiful you are!', or, 'Who could find one like you?', or 'How many a man must desire you!'. Allahu ta’ālā knows that you will be mindful of them, in proposing to them impatiently, and so He has permitted you to make such offers; but do not make arrangements, of marriage, with them secretly, unless you speak honourable words, such as are acknowledged by the Law, in other words, such as proposals, that which is permitted to you. And do not resolve on the knot, the consummation, of marriage until that which is written, the period prescribed, has reached its term, and has been completed; and know that Allahu ta’ālā knows what is in your souls, of resolve or otherwise; so be fearful of Him, that He should chastise you if you have made such resolve; and know that Allahu ta’ālā is Forgiving, toward him who is fearful of Him, Forbearing, in delaying the chastisement of the one deserving it.

236

You would not be at fault if you divorce women while you have not touched them (tamassūhunna: also read tumāssūhunna), that is, [while] you have not had sexual intercourse with them, nor appointed any obligation, dowry, for them (the particle mā, 'while', relates to the verbal action and is also adverbial) that is to say, there are no sinful consequences for divorcing them if you have not copulated with them or assigned them a dowry, so divorce them; yet make provision of comforts for them honourably, that is, in accordance with the Law (bi'l-ma'rūf, 'honourably', is an adjectival qualification of matā'an, 'comforts'), giving them what they can enjoy, the one of ample means, the affluent among you, according to his means, and the needy man, of restricted income, according to his means - an obligation (haqqan, 'obligation', is either a second qualifier of matā'an, 'comforts', or an emphatic verbal noun), on the virtuous, the obedient ones.

237

And if you divorce them before you have touched them, and you have already appointed for them an obligation, then one-half of what you have appointed, must be given to them and the other half returns to you; unless it be that they, the women, make remission, and forgo it, or he makes remission, by leaving her the entire amount, the one in whose hand is the knot of marriage, the husband to be, or as Ibn ‘Abbās is reported to have said, 'The legal Guardian (wakīl), where the female is a minor'; in which case nobody would be at fault; yet that you should remit (wa-an ta'fū is the subject) is nearer to piety (aqrabu li'l-taqwā is its predicate). Forget not kindness between you, that is, to be bountiful towards one another; surely Allahu ta’ālā sees what you do, and will requite you accordingly.

238

Maintain the, five, prayers, by performing them at their appointed times, and the middle prayer, either that of the afternoon, or the morning, or the midday, or another prayer (there are many opinions on this matter); Allahu ta’ālā has singled it out for mention because of its merit; and stand, in prayer, submissive to Allahu ta’ālā, lilllāhi qānitīn: some have said that this means 'obedience', on account of the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" saying, 'Wherever the [expression] qunūt ['submission'], appears in the Qur'ān, it denotes obedience', as reported by Ahmad [b. Hanbal] and others; it is also said to mean 'in silence' [sākitīn], on the basis of a hadīth of Zayd b. Arqam, in which he said, 'We used to speak to each other sometimes during prayer, but when this was revealed, we were commanded to be silent and were forbidden to talk', as reported by the two Shaykhs [Bukhārī and Muslim].

239

And if you are in fear, of an enemy, or a torrent, or a predatory animal, then standing (rijāl, plural of rājil), praying while walking, or mounted (rukbān, plural of rākib). In other words, in whichever way you can, facing the direction of the qibla or otherwise, making the gestures of genuflexion and prostration; but when you are secure, from any fear, then remember Allahu ta’ālā, by performing prayer, as He taught you what you knew not, before He taught you its obligations and its proper ways (the particle kāf [of ka-mā, 'as'] has the same meaning as mithl ['like'], while the mā is related to the verbal action, or is relative).

240

And those of you who die, leaving wives, let them, make testament (wasiyyatan, or wasiyyatun) for their wives, as an obligation, and give them provision, what they can enjoy of property and clothes, for, until the completion of, a year (matā'an ilā l-hawl, 'provision for a year', is a circumstantial qualifier), that is, without expelling them from their habitations; but if they go forth, of their own accord, you would not be at fault, [you] the guardians of the dead one, regarding what they may do with themselves honourably, in accordance with the Law, such as adorning themselves or abandoning the mourning, or that you should cut off their expenditure; Allahu ta’ālā is Mighty, in His mulk (reign), Wise, in His actions. The testament mentioned here was abrogated by the 'inheritance' verse [Q. 4:12], and the waiting of one year [without expulsion] was abrogated by the previous verse four months and ten [Q. 2:234] which was revealed later. In the opinion of Al-Shāfi’ī, may Allahu ta’ālā have mercy on him, the habitation remains hers.

241

There shall be provision for divorced women, which they are given, honourably, as is feasible - an obligation (haqqan, 'obligation', is in the accusative because it is governed by an implied verb) on those who fear Allahu ta’ālā, may He be exalted. He has repeated the phrase in order to include the woman that has been touched [sexually], since the previous verse addresses a different issue.

242

So, in the same way that He has explained to you what has been mentioned, Allahu ta’ālā makes clear His signs for you, so that you might understand, reflect.

243

Have you not seen (an interrogative to provoke amazement and a longing to hear what will follow), that is, 'Has your knowledge not attained', those thousands, four, eight, ten, thirty, forty or seventy thousand, who went forth from their habitations fearful of death? (hadhara'l-mawt: an object denoting reason). These were a people from among the Children of Israel who fled their homeland after it was afflicted with plague. Allahu ta’ālā said to them, 'Die!', and they did. Then He gave them life, after eight days or more, as a result of the supplication of their prophet Ezekiel (Hizqīl), and they lived on for a while with the effects of death still upon them, such that when they wore garments these turned into shrouds for the deceased; and this [phenomenon] remained with their descendants. Truly Allahu ta’ālā is bounteous to people, such as when He gave life back to those just mentioned, but most people, that is, disbelievers, are not thankful. The purpose of mentioning the story of these people is to encourage believers to fight [in the way of Allahu ta’ālā], which is why the following [statement] is supplemented to it:

244

So fight in Allah’s way, in order to elevate His religion, and know that Allahu ta’ālā is Hearing, of your sayings, Knowing, of your affairs, and He will requite you accordingly.

245

Who is he that will lend Allahu ta’ālā a loan, by expending his property in the way of Allahu ta’ālā, that is good, by expending it for the sake of Allahu ta’ālā, Mighty and Majestic, out of pureness of heart, and He will multiply (yudā'if, also read yuda''if) it for him manifold?, up to ten or seven hundred times or more, as will be mentioned soon. Allahu ta’ālā straitens, sustenance for whomever He wills in order to try him, and enlarges, it in abundance for whomever He wills in order to test him; and to Him you shall be returned, in the Hereafter through the Resurrection, where He will requite you for your deeds.

246

Have you not seen, the story and the tale of, the council, an assembly, of the Children of Israel, after, the death of, Moses, when they said to a prophet of theirs, namely, Samuel, 'Send, establish, for us a malik (king), to unite us and to whom we can refer [matters], and we will fight, with him, in Allah’s way'. He, the prophet, said, to them: 'Might it be that ('asaytum, or 'asītum) if fighting is prescribed for you, you will not fight? (allā tuqātilū is the predicate of 'asā, 'might it be'; the interrogative is intended to confirm the expectation that follows [sc. that they will not fight]). They said, 'Why should we not fight in Allah’s way, when we have been expelled from our habitations and our children?', as a result of these latter being taken captive or killed, that which they suffered at the hands of Goliath and his men. The meaning is, 'There is nothing to stop us fighting, provided the requirement [we demanded] is forthcoming'. Allahu ta’ālā, exalted be He, says, Yet when fighting was prescribed for them, they turned their backs, from fighting in cowardice, except a few of them, the ones that crossed the river with Saul (Tālūt), as will be mentioned; and Allahu ta’ālā has knowledge of the evildoers, and will requite them accordingly. The prophet then asked his Rabb to send forth a malik (king), and Allahu ta’ālā responded by sending forth Tālūt (Saul).

247

Then their prophet said to them, 'Verily Allahu ta’ālā has raised up Saul for you as melik (ruler)' They said, 'How can he be melik (ruler) over us when we have better right than he to kingship, since he is not of the tribe of monarchs or that of prophets; he [Tālūt /Saul] was a tanner or a shepherd; seeing he has not been given amplitude of wealth?' which he can use to establish a mulk (reign). He, the prophet, said, to them, 'Allahu ta’ālā has chosen him over you, for kingship, and has increased him broadly, amply, in knowledge and body: at that time, he was the most knowledgeable and the most handsome of all the Children of Israel, and the most perfect of character. Allahu ta’ālā gives the kingship to whom He will, in the way He does, and there can be no objection; and Allahu ta’ālā is wāsi’ (Embracing), in His bounty, Knowing, of those who deserve it.

248

And their prophet said to them, after they had demanded a sign of his mulk, kingship: 'The sign of his kingship is that there will come to you the Ark, a chest containing the images of the prophets, which Allahu ta’ālā sent down to Adam, and which was handed down to them [sc. the Israelites], until the Amalekites seized it from them in battle. They used to commence fighting invoking it before their enemy and marching behind it, as well as experience peacefulness in its presence, as Allahu ta’ālā says: therein is a Spirit of Peace, reassurance for your hearts, from your Rabb, and a remnant of what the folk of Moses and the folk of Aaron left behind, which were Moses's pair of sandals and his staff, Aaron's turban, a measure (qafīz) of the manna that used to come down on them, and the pieces of the broken tablets, the angels bearing it (tahmiluhu l-malā'ikatu, the circumstantial qualifier referring to the subject of the verb ya'tiyakum, 'there will come to'). Surely in that shall be a sign for you, of his kingship, if you are believers. The angels bore it between the earth and the sky while they gazed at it, until finally they placed it before Tālūt (Saul). They then acknowledged his kingship and hastened to enlist in the [holy] struggle, and he chose seventy thousand of their young men.

249

And when Tālūt (Saul) went forth with the hosts, from the bayt al-muqaddas (Holy House) [sc. Jerusalem], the heat was intense and so they asked him for water; he said, 'Allahu ta’ālā will try, test, you, in order to distinguish the obedient among you from the disobedient, with a river, between Jordan and Palestine, whoever drinks of it, of its water, is not of me, is not of my followers, and whoever tastes it not, he is of me, except for him who scoops up with his hand' (ghurfa, or gharfa, 'a scoop'), satisfying himself therewith and not taking more, he is also of my followers. But they drank of it, when they reached it and saw that it was abundant, except a few of them, who restricted themselves to a scoop: it is reported that one scoop was enough for each man and his horse, and they numbered over three hundred; and when he crossed it, with those who believed, the ones who confined themselves to the one scoop, they, the ones that drank profusely, said, 'We have no power today against Cālūt (Goliath) and his troops', that is, [no power] to fight them, and they were cowardly and did not cross it. Those who thought, with certainty that, they would meet Allahu ta’ālā, at the Resurrection, and these were the ones that crossed it, said, 'How often (kam, 'how', functions as a predicate, meaning kathīr, 'many') a little company, group of men, has overcome a numerous one, by Allah’s leave, by His will; and Allahu ta’ālā is with the patient', [providing them] with help and assistance.

250

So, when they went forth against Cālūt (Goliath) and his troops, facing them in military columns, they said, 'Our Rabb, pour out upon us patience, and make firm our feet, by strengthening our hearts for this struggle, and grant us victory over the disbelieving folk!

251

And they routed, they broke, them, by the leave of Allahu ta’ālā, by His will, and David, who was among the ranks of Tālūt (Saul)'s army, slew Cālūt (Goliath); and Allahu ta’ālā gave him, David, al-mulk (the kingship), over the Children of Israel, and al-hıkmah (Wisdom), prophethood after the death of Samuel and Saul, and the combination [of kingship and prophethood] had never come to anyone before him; and He taught him such as He willed, of the manufacture of mail-coats and the speech of birds. Had Allahu ta’ālā not repelled people some (ba'dahum, 'some', substitutes for [saying] ba'dan min al-nās, 'some people') by means of others the earth would have surely been corrupted, with idolaters defeating and slaying Muslims, and mosques being destroyed; but Allahu ta’ālā is bounteous to all worlds, by repelling some by means of others.

252

These, verses, are the verses of Allahu ta’ālā We recite to you, O Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , as narration, in truth, and assuredly you are one of the Messengers (rusul) [of Allahu ta’ālā], the emphasis is made here with the particle inna [of innaka, 'surely you are'], with the remainder of the statement being a rebuttal of the disbelievers' saying, 'You are no Messenger (rasūl)'.

253

Those (tilka is the subject) messengers (rusul) (al-rusul is either an adjective or the predicate) some We have preferred above others, by assigning a particular trait to one not found in the other; some there are to whom Allahu ta’ālā spoke, such as Moses, and some He raised in rank, namely, Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" , on account of his call being to all peoples, his being the Seal of the Prophets, on account of the superiority of his community to all others, the sundry miracles and the many special qualities. And We gave Jesus son of Mary the clear proofs, and confirmed him, strengthened him, with rūh al-qudus (the Holy Spirit), namely, Gabriel who would accompany him wherever he went. And had Allahu ta’ālā willed, that all people be guided, those who came after them, after the messengers (rusul), that is, their communities, would not have fought against one another after the clear proofs had come to them, because of their disagreement and their leading one another astray; but they fell into variance, as He willed, and some of them believed, and adhered firmly to his faith, and some disbelieved, as the Christians did after Jesus (al-Masīh), and had Allahu ta’ālā willed they would not have fought against one another (repeated here for emphasis), but Allahu ta’ālā does whatever He desires, giving success to whomever He will and disappointment to whomever He will.

254

O you who believe, expend of what We have provided you with, what is due of it as alms, before there comes a day in which there shall be neither commerce, ransom, nor friendship, that can be of any benefit, nor intercession, without His permission (a variant reading has all three nouns in nominative inflection bay'un, khullatun, shafā'atun [as opposed to lā bay'a, lā khullata, lā shafā'ata]): this is the Day of Resurrection. And the disbelievers, those that disbelieve in Allahu ta’ālā or in the obligations He has imposed on them - they are the evildoers, for not respecting Allah’s command.

255

Allahu ta’ālā, there is no god, that is, there is none worthy of being worshipped in [all] existence, except Him, al-hayy (the Living), the Everlasting, al-qayyūm (the Eternal Sustainer), the One constantly engaged in the management of His creation. Slumber does not seize Him, neither sleep; to Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth, as possessions, creatures and servants; who is there, that is to say, none is there, that shall intercede with Him save by His leave?, in this for him. He knows what lies before them, that is, creation, and what is after them, of the affairs of this world and the Hereafter; and they encompass nothing of His knowledge, that is, they know nothing of what He knows, save such as He wills, to inform of it by way of His messengers (rusul). His throne subsumes the heavens and the earth, it is said that His knowledge encompasses them both; it is also said that the kursī ('throne') itself subsumes them on account of its vastness, as in the hadīth, 'The seven heavens compared to the kursī are like seven silver coins lying in a metal shield [of armour]'; the preserving of them, the heavens and the earth, wearies Him not, does not burden Him; He is the Sublime, above His creation by virtue of His subjugation [of them], the Tremendous, the Great.

[ Explanation:

(He is Almighty)Allah, so that there is no god (worthy of being worshipped) but Him.

(He exists with His dhāt [self] and His attributes. He is wājib al-wujūd, i.e. His existence is necessary and from Himself.

He is One. He begetteth not nor was begotten. He is exalted beyond having a spouse or children. He has no partners.

He is not in need of anything, but everything needs Him.

He is qadīm (eternal, His existence does not have a beginning) and bāqī [everlasting, His existence is without end].

He speaks from past eternity to future eternity with His kalām attribute.

He hears and sees everything, He creates everything. There is no creator other than Him.)

(He is)Hayy(alive, He has perfect attributes, He is all-knowing and omnipotent, His existence continues every instant, and any change in His dhāt or attributes is impossible) and

Qayyūm(He is self-existing, He manages and preserves all of His creation, He keeps all creation in existence).

Slumber (which is a consequence of weakness, absentmindedness, and unawareness)does not overtake Him, neither sleep.

To Him belongs all (living or nonliving) that is in the heavens and the earth (everything is under His dominion and belongs to Him).

(His greatness, superiority, and majesty are so high that) Who (from among the angels, prophets, and other beings) is he that shall intercede (and talk) with Him save by His leave?

He knows what is before them (the people) and what is behind them (things they have done and will do, or things they have revealed and hidden, or everything about them in this world and the hereafter). (Nothing is hidden from Him.)

They (people) cannot comprehend (know) anything out of His knowledge (what He has communicated) except what He pleases.

His kursī (His greatness or His power or His dominion or His knowledge or His Arsh) subsumes the heavens and the earth. (Allahu ta’ala rules the entire universe including the earth and the skies.) Preserving (and looking after) them (the heavens and the earth) does not burden Him.

He is Aliyy(exalted beyond being in a place or a direction, exalted beyond having a partner or an alike) and

Azīm(has greatness, without the attributes of created objects such as quantity, volume, mass, and direction; He is very great as He is Qahhār (subduer, all-compelling) –Ghālib- over His creation.)]

256

There is no compulsion in, entering into, religion. Rectitude has become clear from error, that is say, through clear proofs it has become manifest that faith is rectitude and disbelief is error: this was revealed concerning the Ansār [of Medina] who tried to compel their sons to enter into Islam; so whoever disbelieves in the false deity, namely, Satan or idols (tāghūt, 'false deity', is used in a singular and plural sense), and believes in Allahu ta’ālā, has laid hold of the most firm handle, the tight knot, unbreaking, that cannot be severed; Allahu ta’ālā is Hearing, of what is said, Knowing, of what is done.

257

Allahu ta’ālā is the Protector, helper, of the believers; He brings them forth from the shadows, of unbelief, into the light, of faith. And the disbelievers - their protectors are false deities, that bring them forth from the light into the shadows: the repetition of 'bringing forth from' here is either to be taken as a reflection of His [previous] words, He brings them forth from the shadows, or as a reference to all those Jews who believed in the Prophet before he was sent, but then rejected him, those are the inhabitants of the Fire, therein they shall abide.

258

Have you not seen him who disputed with Abraham, concerning his Rabb, because of the fact, that Allahu ta’ālā had given him the kingship?, that is, his arrogance towards this very grace of Allahu ta’ālā: this was Nimrod (Nimrūd). When (idh is a substitution for hājja, 'disputed') Abraham, in response to the other's question, 'Who is this Rabb of yours to whom you are calling us?', said: 'My Rabb is He who gives life, and makes to die', the One that creates life and death in bodies; he [Nimrod] said, 'I give life, by sparing, and make to die', by killing. He then had two men brought before him, killed one and spared the other. When Abraham realised that this man was a fool, Abraham, resorting to a more sophisticated argument, said: 'Allahu ta’ālā brings the sun from the east; so bring, you, it from the west.' Then the disbeliever was confused, perplexed and amazed; and Allahu ta’ālā guides not the folk who do evil, disbelieving, to the art of argument.

259

Or, did you see, such as he, Ezra ('Uzayr), who (the kāf of ka'lladhī, 'such as he who', is extra) passed by a city, namely, the Holy House [sc. Jerusalem], riding on an ass and carrying with him a basket of figs and a cup of juice, [a city] that was fallen down, collapsed, upon its turrets, its roof tops: after Nebuchadnezzar had destroyed it; he said, 'How (annā means kayfa, 'how') shall Allahu ta’ālā give life to this now that it is dead?', challenging the power of the exalted One, so Allahu ta’ālā made him die, and remain dead for, a hundred years, then he raised him up, brought him back to life to show him how this could be done; He, Allahu ta’ālā, said, 'How long have you tarried?', been here?; he said, 'I have tarried a day, or part of a day', because he fell asleep before noon, and was made dead and then brought back to life again at sunset, and thus he thought it was a day's sleep; He said, 'Nay; you have tarried a hundred years. Look at your food, the figs, and drink, the cup of juice, it has not spoiled, despite the length of time (the final hā' of yatasannah, 'to spoil', is said to belong to the original root, s-n-h; but it is also said to be silent, in which case the root would be s-n-y; a variant reading omits the final hā'); and look at your ass, how it is, and he saw that it had died, and all that remained were its withered white bones. We did this so that you would know and, so that We would make you a sign, of [the truth of] the Resurrection, for the people. And look at the bones, of the ass, how We shall set them up, how We shall raise them back to life (nunshiruhā, or nanshiruhā, derived from the two expressions, nashara and anshara; a variant reading has nunshizuhā, meaning 'How We shall move it and make it stand'); and then clothe them with flesh', and when he looked at it, he saw that [the bones] had been reconstituted and clothed with flesh, and that the Spirit had been breathed into it, making it bray. So, when it was made clear to him, as a result of witnessing it, he said, 'I know (a variant reading for a'lam, 'I know', has [the imperative] i'lam, 'know!', thus making it a command from Allahu ta’ālā), with the knowledge of direct vision, that Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things'.

260

And, mention, when Abraham said, 'My Rabb show me how You give life to the dead,' He, Allahu ta’ālā, exalted be He, said, to him, 'Why, do you not believe?', in My power to revive; Allahu ta’ālā asks him this even though He knows of his belief in this [power], as a response to his request, and so that the ones listening will know the purpose [of the request]; 'Yes,', I do believe, he said, 'but, I ask You, so that my heart may be re-assured', [so that it may be] at peace, through direct vision, in addition to that [certainty] which is sought through logical reasoning. Said He, 'Take four birds, and twist them to you (sirhunna, or surhunna), turn them towards you, cut them up and mix together their flesh and feathers, then set a part of them on every hill, in the land around you, then summon them, to you, and they will come to you in haste. And know that Allahu ta’ālā is Mighty, that nothing is beyond Him, Wise', in His actions. Abraham took a peacock, an eagle, a raven and a cock and did with them as has been mentioned, but kept their heads with him. He called them, and all the parts began to fly back together, combining until they were whole and returning to their heads.

261

The likeness, of the quality of the expenditure, of those who expend their wealth in the way of Allahu ta’ālā, that is, in obedience of Him, is as the likeness of a grain of corn that sprouts seven ears, in every ear a hundred grains: likewise what they expend will be multiplied seven hundred times; so Allahu ta’ālā multiplies, even more than this, for whom He will; Allahu ta’ālā is Embracing, in His bounty, Knowing, those who deserve such multiplications.

262

Those who expend their wealth in the way of Allahu ta’ālā then do not follow up their expenditure with reminder of their generosity, of the one on whom they expended, for example, by saying, 'I was good to him and restored his affairs'; and injury, to that person, by mentioning this to people whom he would prefer not to know about it; their wage, the reward for their expenditure, is with their Rabb, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve, in the Hereafter.

263

Honourable words, kind talk and a generous reply to the beggar, and forgiveness, towards him for his persistence, are better than a voluntary almsgiving followed by injury, through reproach and deriding him for his begging; and Allahu ta’ālā is Independent, of the voluntary almsgiving of His servants, Forbearing, in His delaying the punishment of the reproachful and injurious one.

264

O you who believe, annul not, the rewards of, your voluntary almsgivings with reproach and injury, as, in the manner of the annulment of the expenditure of, one who expends of his substance to show off to men and believes not in Allahu ta’ālā and al-yawm al-ākher (the Last Day): this is the hypocrite. The likeness of him is as the likeness of a smooth rock on which is soil, and a torrent, of intense rain, smites it, and leaves it barren, and smooth with nothing on it. They have no power (lā yaqdirūna is a resumption of the statement about the likeness of the one that expends for show; the person becomes plural on account of the [potential plural] implication of alladhī, 'the one who') over anything that they have earned, that they did, in other words, they find no reward for it in the Hereafter, just as one finds nothing of the dust that was on the surface of the smooth rock, after the rain has washed it away. Allahu ta’ālā guides not the disbelieving folk.

265

But the likeness, of the expenditure, of those who expend their wealth, seeking Allah’s good pleasure, and to confirm themselves, that is, to realise the reward thereof, in contrast to the hypocrites who do not hope for it, since they do not believe in it, is as the likeness of a garden, an orchard, upon a hill (read rabwa or rubwa) a high ground; a torrent smites it and it yields, gives forth, its produce (read ukulahā or uklahā), its fruits, twofold, twice the fruits of another [garden]; if no torrent smites it, then dew, (tall, a light drizzle) which falls on it and suffices it on account of its altitude. In other words, it grows and bears fruit, regardless of how much rain falls; likewise are the expenditures of those mentioned: they will increase with Allahu ta’ālā, regardless of how much they were; and Allahu ta’ālā basīrun (Sees) what you do, and He will requite you for it.

266

Would any of you wish to have a garden, an orchard, of date-palms and vines, with rivers flowing beneath it, for him there is in it all manner of fruit, then old age smites him, and makes him too weak to profit from it, and he has seed, but they are weak, young children who cannot manage it; then a whirlwind (i'sār are violent winds) with fire smites it, and it is consumed?, so that he loses what he is most in need of, and now he and his children have become incapacitated, confused, without any resources. This is a similitude of how the expenditure of the one expending for show, or the one who reproaches [after having expended], vanishes and how it is of no avail when he will be most in need of it in the Hereafter (the interrogative [a-yawaddu, 'would any wish'] is intended as a denial). According to Ibn ‘Abbās, this is the person who performs deeds of obedience, but when Satan comes to him, he begins to work disobedience, until all his good deeds have been consumed. So, in the way that He has explained what has been mentioned, Allahu ta’ālā makes clear the signs to you, so that you might reflect, and take heed.

267

O you who believe, expend of, that is to say, purify, the good things you have earned, of property, and, the good things, of what We have produced for you from the earth, of grains and fruits, and seek not (lā tayammamū, means lā taqsudū) the corrupt, the vile, of it, the above-mentioned, for your expending, it as alms (tunfiqūna, 'you expend', is a circumstantial qualifier referring to the person of [the verb] tayammamū, 'seek'); for you would never take it, the vile part, yourselves, if you were given it as something due to you; without closing your eyes to it, by being careless and mindless, so how do you expect to give what is due to Allahu ta’ālā from this?; and know that Allahu ta’ālā is ganiyyun (Independent), of your expenditures, hamīdun (Laudable), praised in every situation.

268

Satan promises you poverty, by making you fear [loss] when you make a voluntary almsgiving, and so you withhold it, and enjoins you to indecency, niggardliness and the impeding of almsgiving; but Allahu ta’ālā promises you, in return for your expenditure, His pardon, for your sins, and His bounty, as sustenance from Him; and Allahu ta’ālā is wāsi’un (Embracing), in His bounty, ‘alīmun (Knowing), the one who expends.

269

He gives al-hikmeh (wisdom), that is, the profitable knowledge that leads to [righteous] action, to whomever He will, and he who is given wisdom, has been given much good, because he will end up in perpetual bliss; yet none remembers (the tā' of yadhdhakkar has been assimilated with the dhāl), that is to say, [none] is admonished, but the people of pith, possessors of intellects.

270

And whatever expenditure you expend, be it as alms or a voluntary almsgiving, and whatever vow you make, and fulfil, surely Allahu ta’ālā knows it, and will requite you for it. For the evildoers, who prevent almsgiving and vows, or expend other than the way they should, in disobedience to Allahu ta’ālā, they have no helpers, to protect them from His chastisement.

271

If you proclaim, make manifest, your voluntary almsgivings, that is your supererogatory deeds, it is a fine thing, to show them; but if you conceal them, and give them to the poor, that is even better for you, than making them manifest or giving it to the rich. As regards the obligatory almsgiving, it is better to make it manifest, so that it serves as an example and so that one is not accused [falsely of not giving]; as regards giving it to the poor, this is obligatory; and it will absolve you of, some of, your evil deeds (read yukaffir, 'it will absolve', or nukaffir, 'We will absolve', either in apocopated form [with no final vowel, yukaffir, nukaffir], being a supplement to the locus of fa-huwa, 'that is', or with nominative inflection [yukaffiru, nukaffiru], indicating the beginning of a new sentence). Allahu ta’ālā is aware of what you do, knowing its inner and outer aspects, nothing of it being hidden from Him.

272

When the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" was prohibited from giving voluntary alms to idolaters [as an incentive] for them to embrace Islam, the following was revealed: You are not responsible for guiding them, that is to say, for people, that they should embrace Islam, [you are responsible] only for conveying the Message [to them]; but Allahu ta’ālā guides, with His guidance, whomever He will, to embrace Islam. And whatever good, property, you expend is for yourselves, since the reward is for them; for then you are expending, desiring only Allah’s Face/Rihdā/Countenance (this clause is the predicate, denoting a prohibition), that is to say, His reward and not any other transient object of this world, and whatever good you expend, its requital, shall be repaid to you in full, and you will not be wronged, you will not suffer any diminishment of it (both [of the last two] sentences emphasise the first one).

273

For the poor (this is the predicate of the missing subject, al-sadaqāt, 'voluntary almsgiving'), who are constrained in the way of Allahu ta’ālā, those who have confined themselves [in preparation] for the struggle: this was revealed concerning the people of Suffa, consisting in some four hundred of the Emigrants (muhājirūn), set apart [from the other Muslims] for the study of the Qur'ān and to take part in raids; and they are unable to journey (darban, means safaran) in the land, to engage in commerce and earn their living, since they are fully engaged in the struggle; the ignorant man supposes them, on account of the way they behave, rich because of their abstinence, that is, their refraining from asking for things; but you, the one being addressed, shall know them by their mark, by the signs of their humility and exertion; they do not beg of men, and make urgent demands, importunately, that is to say, they do not beg in the first place, so there is no question of persistence. And whatever good you expend, surely Allahu ta’ālā has knowledge of it, and will requite it accordingly.

274

Those who expend their wealth night and day, secretly and openly, their wage awaits them with their Rabb, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve.

275

Those who devour, that is, [those who] seize by way of, al-ribā (the usury), which is an excess [levied] in transactions of money or foodstuffs either on their value or on credit, shall not rise again, from their graves, except, rising, as one whom Satan has made prostrate, demented, from touch, [through] madness (min al-mass, 'from touch', is semantically connected to yaqūmūna, 'they rise'); that, which befalls them, is because, of the fact that, they say, 'Trade is like usury', in terms of permissibility: this [statement] is a type of reversed simile used for intensity [sc. 'usury is like trade' is the expected word order]. Allahu ta’ālā responds to them saying that: Allahu ta’ālā has permitted trade, and forbidden usury. Whoever receives an admonition from his Rabb and desists, from devouring it, he shall have his past gains, those made before the prohibition and which cannot be reclaimed from him, and his affair, with regard to pardoning him, is committed to Allahu ta’ālā; but whoever reverts, to devouring it, treating it like trade in terms of lawfulness - those are the inhabitants of the Fire, abiding therein.

276

Allahu ta’ālā effaces al-ribā (the usury), diminishing it and eliminating any blessing in it, but He augments voluntary almsgivings with interest, increasing them, making them grow and multiplying their reward. Allahu ta’ālā loves not, that is to say, He will requite, any guilty, profligate devouring it, ingrate, who deems usury licit.

277

Those who believe and perform righteous deeds, and establish the prayer, and pay the alms - their wage awaits them with their Rabb, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve.

278

O you who believe, fear Allahu ta’ālā, and give up, abandon, al-ribā (the usury) that is outstanding, if you are believers, true to your faith, since it is expected of the believer that he adhere to Allah’s command: this was revealed when some of the Companions, after the prohibition, wanted to reclaim some of the usury from before.

279

But if you do not, do what you have been commanded, then be warned, have knowledge, of war from Allahu ta’ālā, and His Messenger (rasūl), against you: herein is a grave threat for them. When it was revealed, they said, 'What power can we have in a war against Him!' Yet if you repent, and forgo it, you shall have your principal sums, the original amounts, not being unjust, by charging interest, and no injustice being done to you, by way of any diminution.

280

And if any man, in debt, should be in difficulties, then, let him have, respite, a postponement, till things are easier (read maysara or maysura, meaning 'a time of ease'); but that you should give (tassaddaqū, where the second tā' of the softened form, tatasaddaqū, has been assimilated with the sād), the one in difficulty, a voluntary almsgiving, by waiving his debt, is better for you, did you but know, [if you know] that it is better for you, then do it. In a hadīth it is said, 'Whoever gives respite to one in difficulty, or waives his debt, Allahu ta’ālā will place him under His shade, on a day when there shall be no shade except Allah’s', as reported by Muslim.

281

And fear a day wherein you shall be returned to Allahu ta’ālā, namely, the Day of Resurrection (read the passive [turja'ūna] meaning, 'you shall be returned', or the active [tarji'ūna] meaning 'you shall return') and every soul, on that day, shall be paid in full, the requital of, what it has earned, what it has done of good or evil; and they shall not be wronged, through any loss of a good deed or the incurring of an extra evil deed.

282

O you who believe, when you contract, when you are dealing with, a debt, such as in prepayment for (future) delivery of goods or a loan, one upon another for a stated, a known, term, write it down, as confirmation and security against any dispute; and let a writer write it, the contract of debt, down between you justly, accurately, not increasing or decreasing the amount or the terms; and let not any writer refuse to write it down, if he is requested for such a task, as Allahu ta’ālā has taught him (the kāf of ka-mā, 'as', is semantically connected to the verb ya'ba, 'refuse'), that is, just as He has given him the advantage of knowing how to write, he should not be niggardly in this respect; so let him write (repeated for emphasis), and let the debtor dictate, to the one writing the contract, for he is the one being witnessed, and must be fully aware of his obligations; and let him fear Allahu ta’ālā his Rabb, when dictating, and not diminish anything of it, of the debt due. And if the debtor be a fool, a squanderer, or weak, not up to dictating on account of old age or immaturity, or unable to dictate himself, on account of being dumb, or not knowing the language and so forth, then let his Guardian (wakīl), the one in charge of his affairs, be it a parent, an executor, a custodian or an interpreter, dictate justly. And summon to bear witness, the debt, two witnesses, men, mature muslim free men; or if the two, witnesses, be not men, then one man and two women, to bear witness, such witnesses as you approve of, on account of their piety and probity; the number of women is because of the fact, so that if one of the two women errs, forgets the testimony, given their lesser astuteness and accuracy; the other, the one remembering, will remind her (read fa-tudhakkira or fa-tudhkira), the one that has forgotten - the 'reminding' clause is the reason [for the choice of two women], that is to say, so that she may be reminded if she errs or strays into error, because this [forgetfulness] is the cause of it (a variant reading [for an, 'that'] has the conditional in, 'if', with [the verb inflected as] tudhakkiru, 'she will remind', making it a new sentence, the response to which [follows]); and let the witnesses not refuse, whenever (the mā of idhā mā, 'whenever', is extra) they are summoned, to bear witness and take responsibility for the testimony; and be not disdainful, lazy, to write it down, that which you have witnessed in truth (for this frequently occurred), be it, small or great, a little or much, with its term, that is, the date on which it is due (ilā ajlihi is a circumstantial qualifier referring to the [pronominal suffix] hā' of taktubū-hu, 'you write it down'); that, writing down, is more equitable, more just, in Allah’s sight, more upright for testimony, that is to say, [that is] more helpful in summoning witness, because it contains the reminder; and nearer, closer to attaining [the desired state] that you will not be in doubt, with regard to the amount and the due dates; unless it be, [that] there is, trade carried out there and then (tijāratun hādiratun: a variant reading has tijāratan hādiratan, in which case the nominal sentence is missing its subject, and must be the pronoun for tijāra, 'trade', that is, hiya, 'it [fem. pronoun]’) that you give and take between you, without there being a time-frame, then you will not be at fault if you do not write it, the merchandise itself, down. And take witnesses, over it, when you are trading with one another, for this is a better means of preventing dispute. The provisions here are delegated (to the personal choice of the people involved). And let not either writer or witness, the creditor and the debtor, be pressed, to distorting [the agreement], being prevented from testimony or dictation; nor should the creditor press them by charging them with what is not suitable for the testimony or the dictation; and if you do, what is prohibited to you, that is sinfulness, a rebellion against obedience, and lack of truth, in you. And fear Allahu ta’ālā, in what He commands and prohibits. Allahu ta’ālā teaches you (wa-yu‘allimukumullāhu, is an implied circumstantial qualifier or it denotes the beginning of a new clause), what is in your best interests, and Allahu ta’ālā knows all things.

283

And if you are upon a journey, travelling and you contract a debt, and you do not find a writer, then a pledge (ruhun or rihān, plural of rahn) in hand, as a guarantee for you. The Sunna clarifies the permissibility of making pledges in towns, where writers may be forthcoming; but the stipulation is made in the event of travel because in this case it is more important to have a guarantee; Allah’s reference to it being 'in hand' (maqbūda) is a condition for the pledge given to be valid, and to satisfy the pledgee or his representative. But if one of you, the creditor, trusts another, the debtor, over the debt and does not require a pledge, let him who is trusted, the debtor, deliver his trust, the debt; and let him fear Allahu ta’ālā his Rabb, when delivering it. And do not conceal the testimony, if you are summoned to give it; whoever conceals it, his heart is sinful: the heart is mentioned because it is the locus of the testimony, and because if it sins, there are other sinful consequences, and so the person will be punished as though he were a sinner; and Allahu ta’ālā knows what you do, nothing of which can be hidden from Him.

284

To Allahu ta’ālā belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth. Whether you disclose, manifest, what is in your hearts or hide it, of evil and resolve for it, Allahu ta’ālā shall take you to account for it, informing you of it on the Day of Resurrection. Then He will forgive whom He wishes, to forgive, and chastise whom He wishes, to chastise (both verbs are apocopated [fa-yaghfir, 'he will forgive', wa-yu'adhdhib, 'he will chastise'] if taken as the responses to the conditional, in tubdū, 'if you proclaim'; but they may also be read with a final nominative inflection [yaghfiru, yu'adhdhibu] in which case, it would [constitute a new clause and] follow on from an implicit fa-huwa, 'then He'). And Allahu ta’ālā has power over all things, including reckoning with you and requiting you.

285

The Messenger (rasūl), Muhammad "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" believes in, affirms the truth of, what was revealed to him from his Rabb, namely, the Qur'ān, and the believers (wa'l-mu'minūna is a supplement to al-rasūlu, 'the Messenger (rasūl)'); each one (the tanwīn of kullun stands in place of the second noun in an annexation [sc. kullu wāhidin]) believes in Allahu ta’ālā and His angels, and in His Books, all of them and each of them, and His messengers (rusul), and they say, 'we make no distinction between any of His messengers (rusul)', believing in some and disbelieving in others, in the manner of the Jews and the Christians. And they say, 'We hear, what we have been enjoined to hear and accept, and obey; we ask you: Your forgiveness, our Rabb; to You is the homecoming', that is, the return at the Resurrection. When the previous verse was revealed, the believers complained of evil whisperings and it grieved them that they should be taken to account according to [the principle expressed in] it, and so the following was revealed:

286

Allahu ta’ālā charges no soul save to its capacity, that is, what it is capable of bearing; for it is what it is has merited, of good and its reward, and against it is what it has earned, of evil and its burden: no person shall be requited for another's sin or for what he has not earned, even if he was tempted to do it. Say:

Our Rabb, take us not to task, by way of chastisement, if we forget, or err, by straying from the right path unknowingly - as You used to take to task those before us: Allahu ta’ālā has lifted this [burden] from this community, as reported in hadīth. The petition here, then, is a way of acknowledging Allah’s favour;

Our Rabb, burden us not with a load, an affair which we cannot bear, such as You did lay upon those before us, namely, upon the Children of Israel, as for example, the killing of oneself in repentance, the paying of a quarter of one's property for alms, and the severing of the impure part.

Our Rabb, do not burden us beyond what we have the power, the strength, to bear, of obligations and trials; and pardon us, effacing our sins, and forgive us, and have mercy on us, with mercy added to Your forgiveness; You are our Patron, our Mālik and the Guardian (wakīl) of our affairs; so grant us assistance against the disbelieving folk, by establishing definitive proof [for us] and victory over them in battle, for it is expected of a patron that he assist his clients against their enemies. In a hadīth it is stated that when this verse was revealed and the Prophet "sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam" was reciting it, after each word it was said to him, " Granted ".